Children after the separation Essay

Further his studies of the effects of war on children who were separated from their mothers at an early age was considered to be research done in a crisis situation. Critics argue under these circumstances it would be impossible to conclude how the same children would have reacted out of a war time environment. It was also argued that Bowlby failed to take account in his studies what had happened to the children after the separation. Bowlby was influenced greatly by James Robertson’s research on the effects of separation on mother and child through hospitalisation. Robertson’s studied children between six months and three years of age who were separated from their mothers due to hospitalisation. Robertson claimed to have established a sequence of behaviour that all children would pass through. This sequence consisted of distress, were children behaved in a disturbed manner. Despair whereby the child seems to lose hope of finding there lost parent. Lastly, the child display detachment type behaviour, refusing anyone to become involved with them. Robertson concluded that separation from their mother was harmful. In 1971 Klein and Stern studied why parents abuse their children. They found evidence in their studies that a high percentage of abused children had been born prematurely. Because these children were put into an incubator and separated from their parents an attachment was unable to develop, resulting in later abuse toward the children. The study concluded that there is a crucial period when attachments not formed adequately would not be able to be re-formed. This is of considerable importance to social work in relation to the modern day understanding of child abuse as further research has shown that many abusers were once abused themselves. Klaus & Kennell (1976) two paediatricians put forward the theory that they too believed there was a critical period when attachment took place, this was immediately after birth, when the mother was physiologically pre-disposed to bond with her infant. It was during this time that the strength of the attachment was determined.  The American National Center for Clinical Programs supports Bowlby’s notion of ‘motherlove’. They propose that a parent who realises they are going to have a long-term relationship with their child will put more into the caregiving and interaction, as opposed to a substitute care giver who may not be so motivated as they see many children come and go and therefore do not build up a caring relationship with children. This idea has implications for fostering as a consequence may be lack of care or favouritism towards other children in their care. John & Elisabeth Newson (1986) point out that one function of a parent is to act as a memory store for the children to play back and compare experiences. Children in a care setting without a key adult with whom they have a close relationship with will be unable to build upon past experiences and this may have an impact on their emotional development.  Many studies have looked at whether attachment is instinctive, as Bowlby had believed. Konrad Lorenz (1935) agreed that attachment was instinctive when he put forward his imprinting theory. His observations revealed that newly hatched goslings follow the first thing they saw, this could be a human or other object and there was a brief critical period early in the goslings life when this would occur and was found to be irreversible. Lorenz’s believed this was biological, a factor of evolution that ensures the young of all species are able to attach to someone for survival, and was relevant to the way humans form attachments in relation to it being an instinctive behaviour. Critics of his theory (Sluckin 1961 and Bateson 1964) have shown that if a young bird is kept isolated it stays unimprinted beyond Lorenz’s ‘critical period’ and imprinting can take place after the critical period has passed. This casts doubt on Lorenz’s claim that imprinting processes are instinctive. Many researchers now believe that imprinting is actually a process of rapid learning (MacFarlane 1975) In contrast to the theory that attachment is instinctive Colin Turnbull and Margaret Mead when studying families in various African tribes concluded that they saw no signs of instinctive love or affection between parents and children. It was quite normal for many children to be left to fend for themselves; many were even killed as they were thought of as burdens by their parents. The researchers came to believe attachment to be a learnt process that we internalise from observing our own mother’s behaviour, and if not learnt properly for example through illness or as in the tribes case through a different set of family norms and lifestyles, then no bonding or emotional attachment can occur. In New York in 1943 Goldfarb conducted a study of orphans. Two groups of fifteen orphans were matched for age, sex and social background of their parents. The orphans of group A had been fostered before nine months old. The orphans in group B had spent at least their first three years in an orphanage before they were fostered. Goldfarb visited each child at ages three, six, eight and twelve years and measured their development with regard to intelligence, language skills, social maturity and their ability to form relationships. Goldfarb found that every child in group A did better than those in group B leading to the conclusion that a ‘normal’ family home is crucial to emotional and cognitive development. Critics of this study argue that the children may not have had the same intelligence to begin with and that the children in Group B did not have the stimulation of a family for as long a period as those children in Group A. Harlow & Zimmerman conducted studies on a group of rhesus monkeys. Their studies consisted of isolating young monkeys for three months, six months or twelve months. The researchers concluded that the behaviour of the monkeys who had been isolated for twelve months was proportionately worse than those who had been isolated for three months. The behaviour of all the monkeys who had suffered isolation was seen to be disturbed. The same researchers also placed monkeys in a cage with surrogate mothers, a doll made of wire with a feeding bottle and a doll made of wood and towelling without a feeding bottle. The monkeys spent equal amounts of time with each ‘surrogate mother’. The studies showed that the monkeys preferred to cling to the towelling doll even if it meant they did not have a feeding bottle. This led the researchers to believe that warm contact is of critical importance as a need for the monkeys and leads to affectionate responses. Critics of both these studies question the relevance of animal studies to human behaviour. Bowlby’s influential theory managed to link together the evolutionary focus of adaptation with the psychodynamic and behavioural importance of social relationships during infancy and childhood. (Hollin 95)  A measure of its influence can be gained from the action of the World Health Organisation in 1955 stating that â€Å"Permanent damage can be done to the emotional health of babies and children when put into nurseries or sent to child-minders.† The WHO report had many consequences and resulted in lots of practices regarding child care and children’s needs being changed. Women were encouraged to stay at home and were made to feel guilty and bad mothers if the went out to work. (Which suited the government at the time, as they needed these vacated jobs for men) Family Allowance payments were also introduced as a further inducement to keep women from going out to work  Maternity wards encouraged siblings to stay with their mother, whilst children’s wards encouraged mothers to stay.  A main influence on social work practice was the idea that ‘ a bad home is better that the best institution’ which resulted in less fostering and removal of children from poor if not dangerous situations at home. Bowlby’s findings were influential but controversial and became the starting point for further studies. Some studies began to disagree with Bowlby, Fraiberg in 1974 argued that it was possible to strengthen an attachment; Parents of blind children who did not experience eye contact with their infant felt rejected and consequently were unable to develop a strong attachment to their children. When taught to interpret their child’s hand movements, it was found the bond could be strengthened. Interaction was thought to be the important element in developing the attachment.

History of DES Essay

DES was proposed in 1975 and approved in 1977 as a federal information processing standard. It was criticized by the people who felt that it’s 56 key lengths to be insecure. In spite of this, DES remained a strong encryption algorithm until mid 1990. In the year 1998 summer, the insecurity of DES was demonstrated when a $ 250,000 computer which was built by the electronic frontier foundation decrypted a DES-encoded message in 56 hours. This was improved in the 1999 to 2002 hours through a combination of 100,000 networked personal computers and the EFF machine. DES remains a de facto standard unless a substitute is found (Landau, 2000, p. 341). A certified DES is obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) works in three key lengths: 128, 192, and 256 bits. The publication of DES indicated a new era in cryptography. The development in the community of public cryptographers was enhanced by having an algorithm availability of study that the national security agent certified to be secure (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The (DES) Data Encryption Standard. A system that encrypts quickly but is essentially what is impossible to break is all what cryptographers have always wanted. Public key systems have captured the imagination of mathematicians because of their reliance on elementary number theory. Public key algorithms are used for establishing a key because they are too slow to be used for most data transmissions. Private key system does the encryption because they are typically faster than public key ones (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The data Encryption Standard (DES) workhorse uses private key algorithm besides relying on cryptographic design principles that predate public key. The RC4 in web browsers and the relatively insecure cable TV signal encryption are an exception to DES. DES is the most widely used public cryptosystem in the world. It is the cryptographic algorithm which is used by banks for electronic funds transfer. It is also used for the protection of civilian satellite communications. Still, a variant of DES is used for UNIX password protection. There are three operation of the DES which involves XOR, substitution and permutation. The DES is an interrelated block cipher and a cryptosystem on a block of symbols that sequentially repeats an internal function which is called a round. It encrypts data by the use of a primitive that operates on a block of symptoms of moderate size. Self invert ability is also essential to enable one of the objects to encrypt and decrypt. When encrypting ordinary text, DES begins by grouping the text into 64 bit block. A number of operations are performed by the DES on each block (Landau, 2000, p. 343). The transformation of how the block is to be carried out is determined by a single key of 56 bits. DES iterates sixteen identical rounds of mixing; each round of DES uses a 48-bit sub key. The DES begins with an initial permutation P and ends with its inverse. The permutations are of minor cryptographic implications but forms part of the official algorithm. The selection of sub keys starts by splitting the 56-bit key into two 28-bit halves and rotating each half one or two bits; either one bit in rounds 1, 2, 9, and 16 or two bits otherwise. The two halves are put back together and then 48 particular bits are chosen and put in order (Landau, 2000, p. 343). Attacks of DES The selection of DES was followed by protests in which case some of the researchers appeared to object to the algorithm small key space. Investors in the key public cryptography claimed that a DES encoded message could be broken in about a day by a $ 20 million machine made up of a million specially designed VLSI capable of searching one key per microsecond while working in parallel. The use of a meet in the middle attack to break a four round version of DES did not extend past seven rounds (Landau, 2000, p. 345). This is evidence that, for all these attacks none of them posed a serious threat to the DES. Other attacks on the DES were performed to poke harder to the innards of DES. This brought anomalies which led to the first attacks that were seen to be more theoretically better than exhaustive search. The attacks were against the block structure system and the need of all block-structured cryptosystems needed to be designed to be secure against differential and linear cryptanalysis. There is a strong attack to DES which is differential cryptanalysis. This is apparently known to the algorithms designers. In order to design a secure cryptosystems, there is a need for a mixture of well known principles, some theorems and the presence of some magic. Attacks on a cryptosystem fall into two categories which are passive attacks and active attacks. The passive attacks are the ones which adversely monitors the communication channel. They are usually easier to mount although they yield less. The active attacks have the adversary transmitting messages to obtain information (Landau, 2000, p. 342). The aim of the attackers is to determine the plaintext from the cipher text which they capture. A more successful attack will determine the key and thus compromise a whole set of messages. By designing their algorithms, cryptographer’s help to resist attacks such as cipher text only attack whose adversary has access to the encrypted communications. The known plain text attack which has its adversary has some plain text and its corresponding cipher text. The third attack which can be avoided is the chosen text attack and its adversary chooses the plain text for encryption or decryption. The plain text chosen by the adversary depends on the cipher text received from the previous requests (Landau, 2000, p. 342).

Captain Corellis Mandolin Essay Example for Free

Captain Corelli’s Mandolin Essay Carlo asserts â€Å"War is a wonderful thing, in movies and in books.† By close reference to the novel, explore how war shows people at their worst and their best. The novel Captain Corelli’s Mandolin, written by Louis De Bernieres in 1994, explores â€Å"humanity; we sigh at their suffering as they are ripped apart and forever changed by war.†1 The quotation in the title is spoken by Carlo quite early on in the novel, at the end of chapter 15, titled ‘L’Omosessuale (4)’. He is referring to the idea that war is repeatedly shown to be patriotic, heroic, and indeed wonderful especially in film and literature. However, from Carlos’ experiences in Albania, he knows the true reality of war, as he has seen and experienced the suffering. We can trace Carlos’ progression of thought through his personal chapters; all entitled ‘L’Omosessuale’. He begins saying, â€Å"How wonderful it was to be at this war†(p.119) We hear him describe crossing the foreign border as â€Å"exhilarating†, and he and his comrades view themselves as â€Å"the new legionaries of the new empire that would last ten thousand years.†(p.119) This was his view at the very beginning of war, before he had really experienced any suffering. As he is yet to encounter any conflict, it is likely he has been influenced by the propaganda at the time, organised by the Italian leader, Mussolini. The next quotation is said slightly further on during Carlos’ experience, â€Å"How wonderful it was to be at war, until the weather turned against us.†(p.120) It is here that we begin to hear of some of the suffering that Carlo and his comrades had to endure, such as â€Å"we were ten thousand men soaked to the bone†(p.120). The real tragedy of war is death, and Carlo has had direct experience of this. He says, â€Å"War is wonderful until someone is killed†(p.122). This is when De Bernieres chooses to use graphic images to show the suffering that Carlo and his comrades endure. â€Å"I realised that I was covered with gory scraps of human flesh that were freezing fast to my uniform†(p.122). Finally, Carlo says the quotation in the title, â€Å"War is a wonderful thing, in movies and in books† on page 124. It is here that Carlo has realised the actuality of war, and can see that this idealised version is fictitious and can only be seen in movie and in books. â€Å"War scorches a trail through all of their lives. What seems, at the beginning of the novel, like a game, a challenge to manhood, a matter of honour, an occasion for political satire, becomes an appalling reality.2 Carlo asserts that war is shown to be wonderful in movies and in books. However, De Bernieres does not follow this trend, and shows the war for what it is. De Bernieres’ characters starve and die slowly with their entrails hanging out; he depicts the horror that they have to endure to fight for their country, and the suffering that they are put through. â€Å"It was as though a portion of my mind has disappeared, or as though my soul had diminished to a tiny point of grey light†(p.138). De Bernieres also shows the gore and bloodshed caused by the war, when he describes the death of Francesco. In chapter 19, L’Omosessuale (6), De Bernieres uses Carlo’s narrative to tell the reader the true details of Francesco’s death, and then the sanitised version for his mother. As well as this showing Carlos’ considerate nature, it also confirms that many people did view the war in a very different light from its reality, including Francesco’s mother. â€Å"He died on a fine day, Signora, with the sun shining and the birds singing.† â€Å"(He died on a day when the snow was melting and when, beneath that carapace, there were emerging a thousand corpses, knapsacks, rusted riffles, water bottles, illegible unfinished letters drenched in blood)† (p.148). Corelli wrote the novel, after falling in love with the Island of Cephallonia, and wanting to inform readers about what happened to this Island during World War II. For this reason, he has depicted a very real and veritable account of atrocities that occurred during the Second World War. â€Å"Everyone is shot, without regard for rank or role, even the medics and the chaplains.†3 However, in the film adaptation of Captain Corelli’s Mandolin, directed by John Madden, war is viewed in a very different light. De Bernieres has said of the film â€Å"The problem is that film-makers take out all your good ideas and replace them with a load of stupid ones.†4 The depiction of war in the film is very different and many scenes seem to have been â€Å"watered down†5, in order to appeal to far wider audience. The movie has been widely criticised, after changing the story line drastically from a tragic story of the destruction and consequences of war, to a love story between Corelli and Pelagia. â€Å"Where de Bernià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½res’ book makes it clear from the start that war is unforgivingly ugly, for a long time the film’s only hint of this is a glimpse of Mandras’s battle-scarred feet.†6 Although much of De Bernieres novel depicts the horror of war, some of the consequences of war are indeed wonderful. Corelli and Pelagia would have never found love without the intervention of war in their lives, and although ultimately war destroys their love, the moments spent together made the war endurable. The prefatory poem at the beginning on the novel shows Louis De Bernieres hinting, even before the novel has begun, that war will be an important theme throughout. ‘The Soldier’ by Humbert Wolfe describes the waste of war, and the loss of lives and of youth. Links are evident between this poem and Captain Corelli’s mandolin as they both explore the way in which war has an effect on different people. The presence of war on the Island of Cephallonia has various effects on different characters and can expose people’s flaws and merits. An excellent example of this is the contrast shown between Mandras and Antonio Corelli. Corelli has been drawn into a war that he really has no heart for. â€Å"You mean you’re a soldier by mistake?† (p. 206, Pelagia). He has no desires to be a soldier and his character is often seen as anti-military. When giving punishments he does not follow the rules that are expected of him, â€Å"To everyone’s surprise the captain pointed his pistol straight into the face of one of the culprits†(p.324). However, although he had no intention of doing so, Corelli proves to be an excellent comrade and shows morality throughout the war. â€Å"This is my morality, I make myself imagine that it is personal†(p.351). This is greatly contrasted with the character of Mandras. He has very high expectations about the life of a soldier and feels he has to prove himself to Pelagia and the rest of the Island. He resents those who know more than him, yet does not want to prove himself intellectually, as he believes â€Å"no man is a man until he has been a soldier†(p.80) Carlos’ assertion that war is wonderful in movies and in books reflects a idealised view of the war. However, Mandras believes that this view was the reality of war and he felt that becoming a soldier would make him more worthy as a man. â€Å"I’ll come back and everyone will say, That’s Mandras, who fought in the war. We owe everything to people like him.† He is indoctrinated by what is expected of him, and is predicted to conform. However high Mandras’ expectations were, the war does not elevate him, it brings him down. During his experiences in war he saw others abuse their power, and now feels he has a right to do the same, The war de-humanises him, and instead of changing him for the better it changes him for the worse. The war in Cephallonia showed the best and the worst in people. In Antonio Corelli’s case it displays his merits as he has the opportunity to exercise his humanity in the treatment of others. From the beginning of the novel, Corelli is represented as a laid-back, light-hearted leader. Although he has a great talent as a leader, he is very modest and introduces Carlo as â€Å"one of our heroes, He has a hundred medals for saving life and none for taking it†(p.202). He proves himself as an excellent comrade and Captain by being faithful to his men until the very end. â€Å"There is no honour in this war, but I have to be with my boys†(p.392). His introduction of La Scala also shows good comradeship, as it is a humorous and practical solution to having to use communal toilets. This is also a crucial element of the novel, as before they go to join the shooting line up, they sing to maintain their composure. He also shows his forgiving nature when he chooses to forgive Gunter for what he has done. â€Å"I forgive you. If I do not, who will?†(p.397). He says of himself â€Å"I am not a natural parasite†(p.305) and this is seen clearly when he avoids any confrontation with Pelagia. He is uncomfortable about living with Pelagia and her father â€Å"Tonight I shall sleep in the yard and tomorrow I shall request alternative accommodation†(p.204). Corelli’s fondness for animals is De Bernieres way of showing positive traits in a character. The fact that Corelli is so attached to Psipsina shows that he is an admirable man and the reader feel connected to him. â€Å"The captain had some engaging traits. He tied a cork to a piece of string, and sprinted about the house with Psipsina in hot pursuit†¦and if the animal happened to be sitting on a piece of music, he would go away and fetch another sheet rather than disturb her†(p.250) Corelli also shows fondness for children in his relationship with Lemoni. Although there is a language barrier, the two are able to communicate on a different level, and are able to enjoy each other’s company. â€Å"The child was whooping and laughing, and it appeared that what was transpiring was a lesson in Italian. ‘Bella fanciulla,’ the captain was saying. He was waiting for Lemoni to repeat it. ‘Bla fanshla,’ she giggled.† (p. 211) He also appears to have a very different attitude than other soldiers, when he arrives in Cephallonia with his mandolin strapped to his back, and not a gun, as you would expect from a soldier. The mandolin â€Å"that was called Antonia because it was the other half of himself.† This love for music is another engaging trait that the captain has, and is one of the reasons Pelagia falls in love with him. We also see this originality to his character when Gunter Weber, a german soldier, introduces himself. Weber says â€Å"Heil Hitler†, yet Corelli says â€Å"Heil Puccini†, showing he has a very different attitude to the war, and will not be led by anyone. This again shows his love for classical music, as Puccini was a great composer, whom Corelli was an admirer of. His relationship with Pelagia is clearly one of great love and admiration, however it also contains sexual desires, which are never consummated. â€Å"Such slender fingers, such pink nails. He imagined them engaged upon amorous and nocturnal things, and realised that he was disturbing Psipsina.†(p.259, Corelli) This shows ongoing respect for Pelagia and her father, and also shows Corelli’s caring and considerate temperament. In contrast to Corelli, the character Mandras is brutalised by war. He believes that war will change him for the better, yet it changes him for the worse. He becomes a victim of propaganda and a victim of his insecurities. Before he leaves for war he tells Pelagia â€Å"I’m a Greek†¦not a Fascist†(p.214) War changes him for the worse as he is very easily led and allows others to influence him. This may have had a positive effect on Mandras if he had chosen Iannis to guide him, yet he chooses Hector, the leader of a branch of the ELAS. Joining this group causes him to abandon his personal values, and this is seen when he whips the old man. â€Å"Mandras did not even notice that the man had stopped moving, had stopped screaming and whining†(p.233). He manages to blank out the emotions that he should be feeling, and begins to enjoy the power he holds over this old man. â€Å"If you didn’t think about what it was, it sounded weirdly beautiful†(p.234) After returning from the war, he becomes much more manipulative, especially towards Pelagia and Drosoula. â€Å"Mandras had begun his exile into inaccessibility by dramatising the idea of death†(p.180). Pelagia was â€Å"convinced that he was doing it on purpose as an act of vengeance or punishment.†(p.180). This shows a very cruel side to Mandras that we have never seen before, and it clearly takes the war to bring out this negative side of his character. He has clearly been indoctrinated by the propaganda of the war, and this is seen in chapter 63, when he recites communist slogans. â€Å"The party is never wrong. Whoever is not with us is against us†(p.447) He does not seem to be questioning what he has been told, he just repeats it. He has experienced others abusing their power during his time with the ELAS and now sees this as an approved way of behaving. â€Å"De Bernià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½res explores power and its abuse†7 He insults and belittles Pelagia after he returns from fighting and tortures her further, even though he should see that she has suffered enough during the war. De Bernieres shows a side to Mandras that readers have never seen before. He represents him as evil and sadistic, and we see Mandras refer to Pelagia as a â€Å"slut†. His morals have disintegrated following his fighting with the ELAS, and feels that he can do whatever he wants. This is due to the fact that the ELAS would make up their own rules for their comrades to follow. The war de-humanises Mandras and he represents the damage that can be inflicted by extreme politics. In Mandras’ death, De Bernieres wants readers to feel pity for him, as it is clear the communist party has seriously indoctrinated him. He dies as a victim of the war, and a desire to prove himself worthy, and this also evokes compassion in the reader Carlo is a character in the novel who shows how war can bring out the best in people. He is a very honourable character, and has to live with the secret that he is homosexual. He puts aside his desire for Corelli in order to help the romance between Pelagia and Corelli develop. â€Å"I have loved you with the same surprise and gratitude that I see in your own eyes when you are with Pelagia†(p.384). He shows true bravery in front of the firing squad when stepping in front of Corelli to save his life. â€Å"Antonio Corelli†¦had found in front of him the titanic bulk of Carlo Guercio†(p.399). De Bernieres uses Carlo’s narrative in the chapters entitled L’Omosessuale, and this allows the readers to sympathise further with the silent suffering that Carlo has to endure during the war. His writings are eloquently written and his language is poetic and beautiful, showing the gentle side to his character. â€Å"He died on a fine day, Signora, with the sun shining and the birds singing.†(P.148, Carlo) â€Å"Father Arsenios was saved by the war†(p.292). De Bernieres absolves Arsenios after the war and liberates him from his former self. However, the characters perceive him as a mad man and cannot see that war has brought about his finest hour. He is referred to as the â€Å"crazy priest† yet he feels he is a saviour and â€Å"it is probable that, had he lived, Arsenios might have become a saint†(p.295). De Bernieres chooses to depict war in a graphic and realistic light in his novel, Captain Corelli’s Mandolin. Although in many films or books war is shown to be wonderful, this idealised version is proved wrong in De Bernieres novel, as he shows the suffering that the soldiers were forced to endure. He shows that the war has different effects on different people, and it can expose their faults or their merits. Mandras is forever changed by the war, as he returns indoctrinated by the communist party. His death proves that his natural environment is the sea, where he can be accepted and does not have to prove himself. In contrast Corelli’s merits are shown to be more prominent as the war develops, and also as his love for Pelagia develops. The reader is drawn to the character of Corelli, even though he is an occupying soldier, as he shows compassion, kindness and respect during his time in Cephallonia. Captain Corelli’s Mandolin. (2017, Aug 23). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Social Disorganisation Theory of Criminology Essay

Social Disorganisation Theory of Criminology - Essay Example The latter serves to reinforce cohesion in society and curbs crimes or delinquency. Social organisation was limited to small communal groups such as local councils but was later applied to larger groups such as nations, continents and the like. (Kapsis, 1978) Thomas and Znanieki (1918) explain that the social disorganisation theory was initially applied in the City of Chicago by psychologist working for the University of Chicago; this was in the early twentieth century. The City of Chicago was quite conducive for the application and study of this theory because it had been associated with numerous migration cases from different parts of the worlds at that time. The social cohesion that had been witnessed in that City was now a thing of the past because there were numerous changes occurring. The sociologists claimed that arrival of immigrant populations within the City led to a breakdown of some of the well know social rules that had prevented occurrence of crime. Edwin Sutherland (1924) did extensive work in the field of social disorganisation through his book 'Principles of criminology'. In his book, he starts with the values that make peasant societies more stable and less prone to crime or delinquency. Such societies are harmonious and influences are derived from consistent sources. However, with the introduction of western societies, peasant societies were transformed by capitalist idea. Communal values no longer took precedence and instead individualistic tendencies took over. The relationships that initially dispensed cultural values and traditions disintegrated and there was 'disorganisation'. He also believed that systemic (organised and persistent) cases of crime could be overcome if society was rearranged to deal with it. But because society is random and individualistic, cases of crime will continue to occur. Henry Mackay and Clifford Shaw (1929) also collaborated in this filed of criminology. They were also members of the University of Chicago. In their research, they reaffirmed that there were links between the level of social 'organisation' and crime rates. They conducted research and found out that cases of delinquency and crime were more popular in areas nearer to Chicago city than those further away. They also concluded that societies with high rates of delinquency had equal proportions of adult crimes. According to the two, high crime rates were prevalent in areas where there was physical deterioration. They also reported that some location were associated with high crime rates regardless of the fact that their populations were changing. Their explanations for these were that populations were faced with certain social challenges irrespective of their biological predispositions. Consequently, those social challenges would lead to high crime rates even when those societies had minima l cases of immigrant arrival or population changes. The two sociologists put forward the argument that traditional norms were disoriented when there was introduction of commerce. This made social systems weaken and with time, they would eventually disappear. This could eventually lead to higher cases of crime and maybe even permissiveness towards it. Sutherland (1939) argued that there was a direct relationship between two aspects; social disorganisation in society and crime organisation. He asserted that the latter was propagated by the

Economic growth in indonesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic growth in indonesia - Essay Example Economic growth has long been the basic measure of policy effectiveness and success across countries. Recent global financial crises reduced considerably the pace and scope of economic developments in a number of regions. However, as the global crisis is moving to its end, the developing world faces better chances to improve their economic position. Indonesia is no exception: a vast and resource-intensive economy, Indonesia has everything needed to strengthen its position in the global economy. It should be noted, that the countries of the Asian and Pacific region are in a better economic position, compared with other countries of the world (The World Bank, 2011). Simultaneously, the risks of inflation remain increasingly high. Therefore, Indonesia must develop economic policies and implement instruments to slow down the acceleration of inflationary mechanisms, in ways that do not damage the country’s economic growth prospects. Indonesia is ranked the world’s fourth most populated country (U.S. Department of State, 2011). Located in the equatorial region of Asia, Indonesia occupies about 2 million sq.km, with approximately 240.3 million of people inhabiting it (U.S. Department of State, 2011). The prevailing majority of the country’s residents are Indonesian (U.S. Department of State, 2011). For many years, Indonesia was one of the biggest Dutch colonies; 300 years of the Dutch rule turned Indonesia into one of the richest and most profitable resource supplements (U.S. Department of State, 2011). It was not until 1945 that Indonesia was granted independence from Netherlands (U.S. Department of State, 2011). After the first democratic elections in 1999, Indonesia became one of the most populous democracies in the world (CIA, 2011). Despite recent developments, Indonesia is faced with a number of challenges, including poverty, poor quality education, terrorism and the risks of authoritarianism (CIA, 2011). The situation is further complicated by the

Intraprofessional Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intraprofessional Project - Essay Example Regulated Health Professional A health professional’s efficiency could mean the life or death of a patient; hence, health care is placed in the foreground when it comes to public safety (Field, 2007, pp. 3-4). This is where the regulation of the health professional comes in. These set of professionals equate the obtainment of legal professional licenses to the practice of their profession (Forrester & Griffiths, 2010, p. 321). Licensure is the legal conferment of authority to utilize professional titles one is qualified to use upon meeting the standards thereof and entitlement of the said professional to put into practice their medical skills (Sultz & Young, 2010, p. 187). Regulation of health care is deemed necessary to ensure quality public service (Field, 2007, p. 4). Regulation also affects the education of individuals in the medical field as their curricula is focused on what is deemed appropriate by their regulatory board (Aries, Middaugh, & Nickitas, 2011, p. 106). Nurs ing is one of the regulated health professions, along with dentistry, physiotherapy, pharmacy, and medicine (Forrester & Griffiths, 2010, p. 321). Standards of practice. The standards of nursing practice discuss the responsibilities of registered nurses in their entirety to ensure their competitivity (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2010, p. 2). The first standard of nursing practice deals with assessment. Also, it talks about the registered nurses responsibility in data collection of appropriate information related to the management and treatment of the patient’s condition (ANA, 2010, p. 9). In the second standard, the registered nurse is expected to formulate diagnoses on the health problem or concerns the patient has based on the information collected (ANA, 2010, p. 9). The third standard revolves around outcome identification, wherein the registered nurse is tasked to determine the results of a plan of care to be developed for the individual patient based on the diagno ses formulated (ANA, 2010, p. 9). In the fourth standard, the nurse develops a comprehensive plan of care for the patient, including the techniques, regimens, and treatments needed to achieve the aimed results identified (ANA, 2010, p. 9). The fifth standard expects the registered nurse to carry out the plan developed. He or she is likely to coordinate with other members of the team to provide health teachings that would further promote patients’ safety and wellness, to consult more experienced nurses for the provision of optimal patient care, and to abide by state laws in the implementation of treatment, use of referrals, and prescription (ANA, 2010, p. 10). In the sixth standard, the registered nurse evaluates the success of the plan of care formulated based on the expected outcomes achieved (ANA, 2010, p. 10). The seventh standard reminds him or her to be ethical in the practice of the profession (ANA, 2010, p. 11). The eight standard tackles education; the registered nurs e is expected to pursue continuous learning in the face of recent techniques and skills of the nursing profession (ANA, 2010, p. 11). The ninth standard is evidence-based practice and research in which he or she should incorporate into her care, evidence, and research findings obtained (ANA, 2010, p. 11). The tenth standard equates to ensuring quality in the nursing care the registered nurse gives (ANA, 2010, p. 11). The eleventh standard deals with effective communication in all aspects of the

Native America and Hispanic Cultures in Michigan Research Paper

Native America and Hispanic Cultures in Michigan - Research Paper Example (US Bureau of Census 2008) I will address these two cultures separately in this paper but that both would be examined through the same parameters as demonstrated by the concept maps previously drafted. The parameter worked around three issues. These are education, family traditions and political background. I believe that these factors collectively characterize the wider cultural characteristics of the subject cultures. In regard to education, it varies through time and across cultures and so, it is necessary in establishing the cultural background of an ethnic group. Family traditions, meanwhile, reflect the way of life of the ethnic groups and, hence, demonstrate their culture. Finally, the political background was included in order to determine the minorities’ views on social issues in the context of their way of lives. These three variables characterize the cultural dimensions required in order for me to achieve my objectives. The methods employed for the research of sources used is a mix of first-hand interview, first-hand sources from government publications and research of second-hand sources from available literature such as books, journal and magazine. In regard to internet sources, the keywords used in the research include â€Å"Michigan demographics,† â€Å"Michigan Native Americans,† â€Å"Michigan education statistics,† and â€Å"Michigan voters profile.† The main search engine used was Google. I think the most important sources would be the government data from the US Bureau of Census as they represent the holistic status of the both the ethnic groups demography and cultural background. Because of this, it became easier to compare specific characteristics. The first-hand sources and interviews are also important because they allowed me to confirm and experience the major findings of the research. Because of this I was able to synthesize all the information that I was able to collect from all the relevant literature

Industry and Company Analysis - strategy of management Assignment

Industry and Company Analysis - strategy of management - Assignment Example Customer loyalty is not really an issue in this sector as convenience stores will sell the same or similar produces across the board, leaving no buyer switching cost (IBIS World Market Research, 2011b). The second force is the threat of substitute services. The biggest threat to the convenience store sector is supermarkets, which have reported an annual growth of 3.4% in the last 5 years (compared to the -0.4% of convenience store sector). This is because of a general move towards supermarket sales in general, plus many of the supermarket chains entered into the convenience store sector. There is little to no cost to the consumer to change to a substitute service, increasing the threat. The bargaining power of the customer is dependent on many factors, including the location of the convenience store and surrounding options. However, in many cases (particularly in urban areas) customers will have a price sensitivity that may cause them to move to another rival chain. The buyer volume is much lower than for supermarkets, which means that the convenience store sector can be more sensitive to changes in customer power. The bargaining power of suppliers in this sector is interesting, because many of the companies within the convenience store sector will be using the same suppliers. This is because many stock brand name goods. This means there are strong distribution channels and almost no supplier competition. The impact of inputs on cost is high, but will affect all areas of the sector, plus the competing supermarkets (IBIS World Market Research, 2011b). The intensity of competitive rivalry is interesting in this sector. Whilst there are advertising campaigns for 7-Eleven and the other major convenience store chains, the main choice for a customer is the location and ease of access to the store. This means that much of the competitive rivalry in the sector is accumulating property in convenient

Service learning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Service learning - Assignment Example This implies that every member of the society is equally important and holds the potential to make positive contributions consequently leading to the overall societal development. Racism is a global problem that can affect anyone since it arguably depends on an individual’s location. For example being white in America and other Western countries is seemingly a free ticket from racism unlike other races such as Asians. However, this privilege is limited to regions where the highest percentage of inhabitants are white. For example, during a tour to Africa with my family we encountered an incident where we were overcharged simply due to the divisions and notions created by race. There was no considerable benefit to the oppressors apart from the extra cash of course. Nonetheless, racism is seemingly double sided since in some instances I get served first regardless there being people from a different race that had arrived earlier. Stereotyping is a common practice in the society and can either be positive or negative. For example, the stereotype that all politicians are selfish or that girls are not good at sports or that all Muslims are terrorists or all women like make-up. Going by this examples it is evident that stereotypes are specific to particular groups such as politicians, girls, Muslims, and women respectively. Additionally, stereotypes are seemingly true but the main contestation is the generalization that is not necessarily true. For example, a relatively high number of women like and frequently use make-up. However, there is also a relatively high number of women who do not wear make-up and in fact do not like it. The theory of voluntary oppression is deeply rooted in the provisions that for oppression to occur one must belong to a group that is facing oppression. This is despite the fact that the particular individual in play may not be directly affected. This implies that an individual is oppressed simply due to the fact that they

Analysis of internal and external efficiencies of the education system Research Paper

Analysis of internal and external efficiencies of the education system in DRC - Research Paper Example Research problem Being an African, born and schooled there in most of my elementary level, I therefore have an adequate understanding of the educational model used in the region and can therefore explain the discord between the increasing literacy level and the rising rates of unemployment. The African model of education is more theoretical and historical. This enlightens the students on previous facts most of which are of no relevance to the life in the modern day society. Anyone trying to make sense of policy research in education is likely to be struck by the numerous contractions and paradoxes that perplex the field. Even a brief consideration of these problems raises a number of important questions: What contributes to the frequency of contradictions and paradoxes in educational policy? To what extent researches might resolve these matters? Where research cannot provide clear answers, what should be our response to these problems? With ten years teaching experience, I have the audacity to criticize the educational model in Congo, a low income country in Africa. A lot of theories make students fantasize and do not therefore relate the information they obtain in school to solving the daily life challenges. The theoretical aspect of the African model of education begins in the types of examples that teachers give their students during lessons most of which are not drawn from the society. When teachers are not certain of the knowledge they pass to their students, the students handle the knowledge as a school affair which is completely irrelevant once out of school. Literature review Africa is a highly ethicized continent, through historical studies, schools become the first institutions to enlighten the population on the historical injustices thereby breeding or perpetuating the possible ethical tensions in the countries (McCloskey 12). Besides the historical aspect of the education system in the low income countr ies of Africa, the theoretical model of education results in fantasies. Furthermore, Congo is an unstable country with constant civil wars. Coupled with the weak economy, the education sector receives insufficient funds to sustain a constant curriculum upgrade and improvement of the educational model. The Japanese model of education fits the country. In addition, it will help the country produce relevant human resource to fast track the development process of the country. However, the lack of infrastructure and funds and the different level of development compel the implementation of the model to be in bits in the order of relevance (McCloskey 44). Methodology The research will be a qualitative comparison of the education system in the two countries; Japan is a developed country and it is not surprising to note the different educational model between the two countries. The country has an effective government, which invests heavily in the education sector. This implies that the Japan ese academic curriculum is reviewed constantly to keep it abreast with the changing technologies of the time. Constant curriculum review ensures that the knowledge is of relevance to the changes in the society. This is important feature lacks in the Congolese model of

Crooks Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Crooks Of Mice and Men Essay George Milton -â€Å"I been mean, ain’t I?†   George is a good friend to Lennie. He protects him and does what is necessary to keep him out of trouble. -â€Å"If I was alone I could live so easy†   Lennie is a burden to George -â€Å"I want you to stay with me, Lennie† –George   conveys Georges loneliness Lennie Small -â€Å"paws†   animalistic quality; bear -â€Å"all you can ever remember is them rabbits† –George. Lennie represents idealism and optimism in the American dream. â€Å"rabbits† symbol of freedom and peace of mind. -â€Å"he’s jus’ like a kid† –Slim   describes him perfectly -â€Å"why do you got to get killed?† –Lennie no understanding of actions or consequences. â€Å"its mean here† –Lennie too innocent to cope with harsh environment -hallucination of Aunt Clare: main moral figure in his life. Tells him between right and wrong and about consequence. Crooks/Racism -â€Å"crooks†   nickname due to injury. Name given to him by other ranchers dominance, possession (slavery) -â€Å"California Civil Code for 1905† had aspirations once of being successful. Educated individual. ( had â€Å"books†) 1905 tho! 25 years out of dates   shows futility of his situation. -â€Å"crooks was a proud, aloof man† Steinbeck does not aim to victimize/generalize Crooks. He’s 3 dimensional; knows his worth. BUT has no power to change his fate. -location of Crooks in ranch (barn) symbolizes his distance the other men. Explicitly: segregation, metaphorically: emotional distance/loneliness -â€Å"they’ll tie ya up with a collar, like a dog†-Crooks. When Crooks finally finds someone weaker than him, he feels he must destroy them. Relates to his own oppression. Suffering leads to cruelty. -â€Å"difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger† shows his desperation for contact. He has become hardened by h is pain but lets his guard down at times. -â€Å"drew into himself†   crooks forces to accept his oppression. Powerless in his fate. Curley’s Wife/Women -â€Å"that glove’s fulla Vaseline† –Candy ( Curley’s mark of dominance over his wife; she’s an object to him, a trophy. AND clear warning to other men) -â€Å"Curley’s wife† no name. dehumanization. -â€Å"fingernails were red†   symbol of danger, sexuality, blood, passion. Stoplight! She will be cause of danger later in novel. -â€Å"rolled clusters, like sausages† childlike, naà ¯ve little girl. Contrasts with red. -â€Å"heavily made up†   suggest she’s hiding the true here. Underneath surface there is hidden personality: loneliness, desperate, need, kindness. Puts on front of sexuality and flirtatiousness. ALSO conveys men on the ranch only care about sex from women. -â€Å"what a tramp† –George ïÆ'   hypocritical view towards women. Has sex with prostitutes but calls her a tart da fuq +!! Objectification. Ironic cuz what she really wants is human contact not sex. The men don’t even consider that she could have more complexity other than wanted a man physically. -ranch is a patriarchal environment. -â€Å"I get lonely† –Curley’s wife (mask taken off, complexity revealed) Candy -Him and his disability aid in themes of minority, oppression, and loneliness. -â€Å"the swamper warmed to his gossip† ïÆ'   he needs a distraction from his own, unsatisfying life. Friendship â€Å"stayed behind the other†   symbolizes how they always protect each other â€Å"we got somebody to talk to† importance of friendship, especially at times of hardship. Human contact takes away loneliness Loneliness/Isolation â€Å"a guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody† –Crooks â€Å"suppose you ain’t got nobody† –Crooks almost ironic; Crooks doesn’t realize that everyone is alone in this environment. His pain consumes and blinds him, he isn’t the only one who’s feeling it. The American Dream -â€Å"you give me a good whore house every time† although they want to achieve their dream, they waste their money on prostitutes and booze. Cycle of pain and desperation, a temporary void of loneliness and boredom that has to be filled. -â€Å"every damn on of ‘em’s got a little piece of land in his head† –Crooks Crook’s knows reality of American Dream. Faced this for long long time due to racism. -â€Å"they left all the weak ones here† –Curley’s wife   themes of novella come full circle. Oppression of minorities.

Chinese Politics Essay Example for Free

Chinese Politics Essay Subject: Chinese media need democratizing and building up credibility Recommendations: Chinese media can be more democratic and credible by reporting timely, openly and accurately; getting officials involved into social media and setting up Journalism Award to recognize outstanding news organizations and individual journalists. Summary: This memo introduces the autonomy of Chinese media and the increasing dissatisfaction both domestically and internationally. It also proposes three recommendations to help Chinese media become more democratic and credible, that are reporting timely, openly and accurately; getting officials involved into social media and setting up Journalism Award to recognize outstanding news organizations and individual journalists. Background: Chinese government fears that the free flow of information through media could threaten the party rule. Therefore, it makes a huge effort to censor the newspaper, magazines and television and Internet, ensuring Chinese media sends out the voice of the party and central government. The Internet is under government scrutiny through â€Å"Great Firewall†, which blocks many foreign sites and censor information and news deemed sensitive. Media restrictions and block not only reduce the credibility of Chinese media, but also damage the image of the party. Starved of uncensored information and unconstrained public opinion, Chinese people dissatisfy with government’s control in media, inspire social resistance and demand for freedom of information and expression. Therefore, it’s time for Chinese media reform, which need democratizing and setting up credibility. Analysis: Chinese media should build up credibility by reporting timely, openly and accurately on breaking news events. Media is hard to make a breakthrough, considering the slow reaction, lack of the in-depth report, and cover-up the accident. Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 is one of the cases. After overseas media reporting the news for 10 minutes, CCTV was still silent. Five days later, there was saturated coverage of achievements of rescue efforts in Sichuan. The report‘s coverage was narrow and lack in depth, mainly about where did Chinese leaders visit and what did they ask to the victims. High-speed train accident in Wenzhou is another example. Netizens attacked the government’s response of burying the wreckage, muzzling media coverage and forcing the journalists focus on rescue efforts. Media restrictions and block not only reduce the credibility of Chinese media, but also damage the image of the party. Therefore, Chinese media need improvements in providing timely, openly and accurately information, ensuring the citizens’ right to know. Government should encourage officials getting involved into social media by setting up account, getting official message across, interacting with citizens and reacting to the criticisms. Social media has been flourished in China. As the most influential social media in China, Weibo(Microblogs) serves as a â€Å"fire alarm† to the government. Weibo is a real-time, high-speed information channel, which is widely used by 350 million Internet users. It touches large and impactful public sphere, such as food safety, corruption, environment issue, and drives the entire national dialogue. Right now, it is good to see that many government departments jump into social media, get official message across, embrace communication with their constituents, and react to criticisms. According to a recent report released by Sina. com, there are 50,947 different government entities with Weibo accounts, in which 33,132 represented government organs and 17,815 represented specific government officials. However, there is still plenty of room for China’s bureaucracy fully joined the social media. However, when different departments and officials join into social media, it might trigger some problems, such as fragmentation of institutional authority and cross-region operations. For example, Chinese media report to different government departments. At the national level, Chinese media is divided by cable, telecommunications, and press network. And media belong to different local government, which do not want other regions to participate into its local events. In face of the problems, central government should enhance the communication and collaboration among different media channels and local governments, and put more effort on the supervision at central level. Government should set up Journalism Award to recognize outstanding news organizations and individual journalists that have integrity, social responsibilities and outstanding contribution in their work. Censorship, persecution, arrests hinder the breakthrough of Chinese media. Most of the complaints and criticisms against government have been filtered out. Wang Qinglei, former producer of CCTV â€Å"24 Hours† news program, was suspended from his job because his reports questioned the cause of the train crash and question the number of victims. It reveals the weakness of Chinese media regime: citizens are constrained to self-expression and Chinese media loses its function as a communication tool. Therefore, the government should give selective incentives to encourage public expressing their opinions and making critical points. (word count 750) . [ 1 ]. Xiaoling Zhang, Control, Resistance and Negotiation: How the Chinese media carve out greater space for autonomy. [ 2 ]. There Are More Than 50,000 Government Accounts on Sina Weibo, http://www. techinasia. com/50000-government-accounts-sina-weibo/ [ 3 ]. Hu, Zhengrong, â€Å"Towards the Public: the Dilemma in Chinese Media Policy Change and Its influential factors†, Joan Shorenstein Center Press, Dec 2005. [ 4 ]. Status of Chinese People, â€Å"Chinese journalists suspended for reporting train disaster† http://chinaview. wordpress. com/2011/08/04/chinese-journalists-suspended-for-reporting-train-disaster/.

Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse in the US

Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse in the US Shawn Blankenship Introduction Today, the American healthcare system faces many challenges to provide adequate healthcare. As the country’s population grows, coupled with the passing of the Affordable Care Act, the country not only has a shortage of healthcare providers, but now has the increased responsibility to provide coverage to those previously without affordable healthcare. Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs), a group of highly qualified, educated clinicians are ready to play integral roles in the reform of healthcare. Unfortunately, because APN regulation is determined on the state level, the scope of practice for APNs varies state to state. Consequently, national unpredictability, both administratively and legislatively creates an unfavorable environment for APNs to provide consistent, proper care. The following paper will attempt to not only provide a brief history regarding the development of the APN, but additionally review the roles of the four recognized general areas of APN specialization. Furthe rmore, each APN role will not only be expanded upon such to differentiate, but compared and contrasted, as well as analyzed from a local, state, national, and international perspective such to conclude by providing assertions regarding the current state of the advanced nursing practice. History of APN All APN roles have a long history in healthcare; certified nurse anesthetists (CNAs) were introduced in the late 1870s, certified nurse practitioners (CNPs) in the 1960s, certified nurse midwives (CNMs) in the early 1920s, and the clinical nurse specialist (CNSs) role developed in the late 1940s. However, even though APNs have had well recognized roles in medicine for well over a century the officially recognized APN role originated in the 1960s. Ironically, as history often repeats itself, the APN role emerged due to a shortage of primary care physicians that coincided with the expansion of national healthcare coverage. With the initiation of Medicare and Medicaid, the first APN program was developed at the University of Colorado in 1965 by Professors Loretta Ford, PhD, RN and Henry Silver, MD to prepare pediatric APNs to focus on health and wellness. Working together with physicians, APNs were taught to not only identify symptoms, but to diagnose and manage the healthcare problems in children. In the 1970’s the program’s focus changed to primary care such to provide primary healthcare access for large and underserved populations. In 1971, the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare issued primary care intervention recommendations whereas nurses and physicians could now share responsibility, implying support for nurses. Subsequently, federal monies were made available to support APN programs nationally. By the mid-1970’s, at one point therewere in excess of over 500 certificate programs which then shifted to Master’s Degree programs in the 1980’s as accrediting bodies required enhanced education. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 included the Primary Care Health Practitioner Incentive Act, perhaps the most importa nt payment reform to affect advanced practice nurses allowing direct Medicare reimbursement to the APRN, but at 85% of the physician fee rate. Graduate education prepares APNs to be key players in the most complex of systems, and nursing theory provides APNs with a strong conceptual base for practice. Furthermore, as nursing research uncovers evidence to utilize skills enabling APNs to bring fresh ideas and proven interventions to health care consumers; now, complex, evolving reimbursement requires the APN to also be educated in financial management and health policy issues. Unfortunately, for continued growth related to reimbursement the APN faces the lack of third-party reimbursement, prescriptive ability, and hospital admission privileges whether acting as part of a team, or collaboratively. An APN is a not only a registered nurse, but a nurse that has completed at least a graduate level of education, is certified by a nationally recognized certifying body, and is also recognized as APN in one’s state. Today, the current APN educational curriculum not only focuses on the attainment of key competencies (American Academy of Nurse Practitioners) but also includes pathophysiology, health assessment, pharmacology, and clinical diagnosis and treatment. This education prepares the APN to diagnose, treat, and prescribe. Furthermore, APNs must demonstrate a dedication to learning and are required to obtain continuing education in order to maintain their national certification. As of 2000, APNs were legally recognized to practice, to some capacity, in every state throughout the United States, and are utilized internationally, too. Comparison and Contrast of APN Roles Certified Nurse Practitioners (CNPs) Although nationally recognized through several professional certification boards, a CNP’s scope of practice is regulated by one’s individual state board of nursing. Subsequently, employment can be found locally through a myriad of choices that is restricted only by one’s scope of practice, and/or the working relationships that are established in one’s healthcare community, and/or in one’s setting of choice for employment. CNPs perform comprehensive assessments and promote health and the prevention of illness and injury. Additionally, they diagnose, develop differentials, and interpret diagnostic and laboratory tests, order, conduct, and supervise. CNPs are also able to prescribe pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments in the direct management of acute and chronic illness and disease. From providing health and medical care in primary, acute, and long-term care settings, CNPs can serve in various settings as researchers, consultants, and patient advocates for individuals, families, groups and communities. Additionally, CNPs may specialize in areas such as family, geriatric, pediatric, primary, or acute care to name a few. Nevertheless, depending on the state, CNPs can practice autonomously and/or in collaboration with other healthcare professionals to treat and manage patients’ health programs. Currently, eighteen states and the District of Columbia allow CNPs to practice and prescribe independently (without any direct physician supervision or collaboration). The remaining states regulate NP practice with requirements such as direct physician supervision for diagnoses, treatment and/or prescriptive authority. Relative to CNMs and CNAs, CNPs have a relatively short history in the health care delivery system. Internationally, CNP’s roles have yet to reach the development that they have in the United States, with few countries affording the role, or confused with how to progress. Certified Nurse Anesthetists (CNAs) Certified nurse anesthetists (CNAs) are registered nurses who have received specialized education in the field of anesthesia. Similar to CNPs, even though CNAs are nationally recognized through professional certification boards, the scope of their practice is regulated by each individual CNA’s state board of nursing. Moreover, depending on the individual’s state requirements, CRNAs are occasionally regulated through the federal government’s Centers for Medicare and Medicaid. Ironically, even though no state statute requires anesthesiologist supervision of CNAs, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) state in their rules for participation that CNAs must be supervised by a physician. In 2001, CMS amended this requirement by providing an opt-out or exemption ruling. To date, sixteen state governors have requested and received exemption from the CMS, the point being in many rural hospitals is that the only person on staff for anesthesia is the CNA. CNAs nationally, statewide, and locally provide anesthetics before and after surgical, obstetric, and therapeutic procedures; they practice in hospitals, ambulatory surgical centers and dental offices and are often the sole anesthesia providers in many rural hospitals (AANA). Moreover, internationally, CNAs are very widely used. Where CNP and CNS roles are still developing, CNAs are presently utilized in greater than half of the world’s nearly two hundred countries. Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs) Clinical nurse specialists, similar to CNPs, are nationally recognized through professional certification boards, and a CNS’s scope of practice is regulated by one’s individual state board of nursing. The CNS role affords tremendous diversity within the title. Nationally, statewide, or locally, a CNS can provide advanced nursing care in acute care facilities such as hospitals, provide acute and chronic care management, develop quality improvement programs, mentor and educate staff, or work as a researcher or consultant. The CNS role was based on the premise care is interrelated, that patient care would improve when advanced practitioners with specialized knowledge and skills are there to create environments that foster caring and problem solving on multiple spheres: patient, nurse, and system (National Council of State Boards of Nursing). Internationally, CNSs continue to develop as APNs, similar to the CNP. Currently, CNSs are seen as healthcare promoters and problem solvers. Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) CNMs, certified through rigorous national examinations, similarly to the three previously mentioned APN roles, have their scope of practice regulated by each state’s board of nursing (American College of Nurse and Midwives, 2010). CNMs provide primary care for women, adolescence through menopause, and beyond. CNMs focus on reproductive healthcare including health promotion, pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, family planning and gynecological care (American College of Nurses and Midwives, 2008). In providing primary care, CNMs prescribe medications, order laboratory and other diagnostic testing, offer health education and counseling and collaborate with other healthcare providers. Nationally, statewide, and locally CNMs work in hospitals, birthing centers, community clinics, and in patient homes one on one. Internationally, CNMs similarly to CNAs have been utilized for decades, throughout 80 countries. Analysis of Advanced Practice Nursing Current State Certified Nurse Practitioners (CNPs) NPs are highly skilled at providing comprehensive assessments resulting in clinical decision making that is safe and cost effective. Nurse practitioners have favorable outcomes in acute care by reducing length of stay and hospital-associated costs (Carruth Carruth, 2011). Reductions in healthcare costs are associated with APRN directed care, as evidenced in a recent study showing annual cost reductions from $5,210 to $3,061 among chronically ill patients (Meyer, 2011). Settings such as hospitals Fully utilized APRNs offer primary and specialty care and can reduce costs to the system (Chen, et al., 2009). In the over 40 year history of the NP profession, a multitude of studies have demonstrated that NPs have performed as well as physicians caring for similar patients with respect to health outcomes, proper diagnosis, management, and treatment (Newhouse, et al., 2011). Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) in the Appalachian Mountains of Kentucky the nurse midwife model of care emerged. Here, the Frontier Nursing Service provided community-based care to disadvantaged pregnant women, children, and families. (Ernst Stone, 2013).This historical perspective demonstrates that CNMs have always provided safe, quality care. Low-risk women are routinely subjected to medical interventions, many of which are unsupported in research as beneficial, such as continuous fetal monitoring, induction of labor, intravenous therapy, epidural anesthesia, and elective cesarean births. Pregnant women cared for by CNMs are less likely to undergo invasive interventions, which reduce health care costs without sacrificing quality (Johantgen et al., 2012). Finally, CNMs deliver care that is similar to that provided by physicians and CNMs have lower rates of cesarean sections, lower epidural use, and lower labor induction rates; while, maintaining infant and maternal outcomes (Newhouse, et al., 2011) Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNSs) Clinical nurse specialists are experts in their specialties. The costs of managing chronic illness decrease when a CNS is involved in management of the patient. Research supports the utilization of a CNS as part of the interdisciplinary team to lower hospital costs and improve the outcomes of patients with chronic illness (Moore McQuestion, 2012). Implementation of the CNS role is associated with improvement in patient outcomes (Newhouse, 2011). Certified Nurse Anesthetist (CNAs) certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) provide safe, high-quality anesthetic care. Currently, 70% of all anesthetics in rural hospitals are safely delivered by CRNAs (Gardner et al., 2011) Research has not shown that patient care, safety or quality compromised when a CRNA practices without physician oversight. In addition to education and training costs, CRNAs practicing independently can provide anesthesia services at 25% lower costs (Jordan, 2011). CRNAs are associated with equivocal complication and mortality rates when contrasted with physicians (Newhouse, et al., 2011). International APN Pulcini, Jelic, Gul, Loke (2010). Sangster-Gormley, Martin-Misener, Downe-Wamboldt, DiCenso (2011). Conclusion Advanced practice nurses find themselves caught within an incredibly complex situation. As the country faces new, expanded challenges for access to healthcare, APNs have continued to not only increase their qualifications and provide evidentiary support such to establish a federally regulated, nationally recognized platform regarding autonomy, but stand ready to act. Unfortunately, barriers that exist both administratively and legislatively due to a lack of consistency in state to state scope continue to delay long-awaited healthcare relief for our citizenry, as well as professional consistency amongst APNs, too. This paper presented a brief history regarding the APN, as well as a review of APN roles from a national, state, local, and international perspective. Additionally, this paper compared and contrasted the roles of the APN while drawing assertions to the current state of the advanced practice nurse. In conclusion, presented examples regarding the qualifications of the APN role s are obvious; however, the barriers identified reinforce the overwhelming need for immediate change. References American College of Nurse-Midwives (2010). About Midwives. American Nurses Association. (2010). ANA and CMA Activities reflected in the IOMRecommendations (pp. 1-6). Carruth, P. J. Carruth, A. K. (2011). The financial and cost accounting implications of theincreased role of advanced nurse practitioners in U.S. healthcare. American Journal of Health Sciences, 2. Chen, C., McNeese-Smith, D., Cowan, M., Upenieks, V., Afifi, A. (2009). Evaluation of a nurse practitioner-led care management model in reducing inpatient drug utilization and cost. Nursing Economic$, 27, 160-168. Currie, J., Chiarella, M., Buckley, T. (2013). An investigation of the international literature onnurse practitioner private practice models. International nursing review, 60, 435-447. Donelan, K., DesRoches, C. M., Dittus, R. S., Buerhaus, P. (2013). Perspectives of physicians and nurse practitioners on primary care practice. New England Journal of Medicine, 368, 1898- 1906. Ernst, E. K. Stone, S. E. (2013). The birth center: Innovation in evidence-based midwifery care. In B. A. Anderson S. Stone (Eds.), Best practices in midwifery: Using the evidence to implement change (pp. 79-82). New York, NY: Springer. Gardner, M. R., Posmontier, B. Conti, M. E. (2011). The evolution of advanced practicenursing roles. In H. M. Dreher M. E. Smith Glasgow (Eds.), Role development for doctoral advanced nursing practice (pp. 69-81). New York, NY: Springer. Institute of Medicine (2010). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health reportrecommendations. Johantgen, M., Fountain, L., Zangaro, G., Newhouse, R., Stanik-Hutt, J., White, K. (2012).Comparison of labor and delivery care provided by certified nurse-midwives and physicians: A systematic review, 1990 to 2008. Women’s Health Issues, 22, e73-e81. Jordan, L. (2011). Studies support removing CRNA supervision rule to maximize anesthesiaworkforce and ensure patient access to care. AANA Journal, 79, 101-104. Matsusaki, T., Sakai, T. (2011). The role of certified registered nurse anesthetists in the UnitedStates. Journal of anesthesia, 25, 734-740. Moore, J. McQuestion, M. (2012). The clinical nurse specialist in chronic disease. ClinicalNurse Specialist, 26, 149-163. Meyer, H. (2011). A new care paradigm slashes hospital use and nursing home stays for theelderly and the physically and mentally disabled. Health Affairs, 30, 412-415. National Council of State Boards of Nursing (2012). Campaign for APRN consensus. Newhouse, Stanik-Hutt, J., White, K. M., Johantgen, M., Bass, E. B., Zangaro, G., et al. (2011).Advanced practice nurse outcomes 1990-2008: A systematic review. Nursing Economic$, 29, 230-251. Norton, C., Sigsworth, J., Heywood, S., Oke, S. (2012). An investigation into the activities of the clinical nurse specialist. Nursing Standard, 26, 42-50. Pulcini, J., Jelic, M., Gul, R., Loke, A. Y. (2010). An international survey on advanced practice nursing education, practice, and regulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42, 31-39. Sangster-Gormley, E., Martin-Misener, R., Downe-Wamboldt, B., DiCenso, A. (2011). Factors affecting nurse practitioner role implementation in Canadian practice settings: an integrative review. Journal of advanced nursing, 67, 1178-1190. The essentials of masters education in nursing. American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2011.

Americas Racial Freedom :: Free Essays Online

America's Racial Freedom THE ANTI-SLAVERY FAIR & THE LIBERTY BELL: The Beginnings of America’s Racial Freedom 1848 was not a year commonly associated with monumental advancements or changes in the anti-slavery cause in the United States of America. Most individuals today see slavery and the abolitionist movement as an issue that had its beginnings and endings in the 1860s. That particular decade was a complete turning point in the history of our country; however, the long hard road that finally led to the emancipation of slaves tends to be overlooked. From the moment that the first slave stepped foot upon American soil, there were individuals who believed in a greater cause – humanity. Considered radicals at the time because of their comparatively reprehensible ideals, abolitionists traveled across the United States spreading a message of freedom and equality for all mankind. Unfortunately, most of the following generations did not have the opportunity to see these movers and shakers in action. With initial appearances around 1820, one of the only strong remaining links we have to tea ch us about this cause are the manuscripts, stories, poems, and other literary works written by those that were unafraid to bear their souls in hopes of forming a new way of life in American society (â€Å"Mosaic†). The United States of America was undoubtedly a late bloomer when it came to accepting new ideas regarding the validity of slavery. British radicals had formed a group called the Anti-Slavery Society in the late eighteenth century to put an end to slavery within British colonies, a task the organization accomplished. Nearly fifty years later, the Americans adapted their own version of this group, ingeniously calling themselves the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) (â€Å"American Anti-Slavery Society†). The lack of ingenuity in naming this organization did not at all reflect upon the enthusiasm and hard work these individuals put into their cause. This newly established abolitionist group came into the public’s eye without any hesitation and they projected a harsh reality to sympathizers and slave owners alike. Their goal was to let their message be heard by as many Americans as possible, which led to the publication of numerous anti-slavery periodicals. These periodi cals were sold at the abolitionist fairs being held regularly all over the country. With these anti-slavery crusades in full swing, controversy also developed regarding the idea of women in leadership positions. In an era where women had just about as many rights as the black folk, many stubborn white men called their expertise into question.

Companies Need to Adopt Family-Friendly Policies Essay -- Feminism Fem

Companies Need to Adopt Family-Friendly Policies For the past 30 years, women have been under the gun to prove that they can be just like men in the workplace. Mainstream feminist groups believed this was the way to gain equality at work. Thus began mainstream feminists' support of abortion - eliminating pregnancy made women more like men. At the outset, this tactic appeared to work. Women proceeded to break down barriers and close in on equality. Business Week's Nov. 27, 2000, issue said that 45% of all managerial posts in the United States are held by women, and the World Bank's Development Indicators for 2000 show an average of female participation in the workforce of over 40%. Yet women are by no means equally represented at all levels of the workplace - Carleton "Carly" Fiorina of Hewlett Packard is the only female CEO in Forbes magazine's list of top 100 companies - and issues like sexual harassment and gender discrimination are still real barriers to too many women at work. Those who have a family feel they can be penalized even further. In a survey conducted as part of a Wall Street Journal study, 36% of respondents with children at home feared missing out on advancement while on maternity leave. Mainstream feminist organizations thought these problems would be solved by abortion, but abortion doesn't help women who choose to have children. "The workplace is still arranged, to a great degree, for workers who have no child-care responsibilities," says Serrin Foster, president of FFL. "Now, nearly three decades after Roe v. Wade, women are challenging the idea of abortion as the solution to inequality in the workplace, and instead asking for workplace conditions that don't force them to choose between... ...e assistance when working from home. But it can be well worth the investment to maintain career skills and contacts and avoid falling too far behind in the traditional career track. Parents say they want affordable child care, flexible work schedules, family-friendly tax reform, more leave time for both mothers and fathers and more part-time job options. It remains to be seen whether the shift toward a family-friendly workplace for both men and women will continue, or if it has stalled with abortion as the "answer." Even a century ago struggling employees facing the challenge of work and family often succumbed to the pressure through abortion. Emma Goldman wrote in Mother Earth in 1911, "So great is the misery of the working classes that seventeen abortions are committed in every one hundred pregnancies." Certainly in the new millennium we can do better.

Causes of Teenage Suicide Essay -- Teenage Suicide Essays

Every year thousands of youth in the United States die, not by car accidents or diseases, but by their own hands. Every 90 seconds a teenager commits suicide. Suicide is the third leading cause of death among 15 to 25 year olds. Suicide accounts for 12 percent of the mortality in the adolescent and young adult group. Males are more likely than females to follow through with suicide. For every successful suicide there are fifty to one hundred adolescent suicide attempts. More than five percent of all teenagers try to commit suicide. Many factors contribute to teenage suicide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most teens who attempt suicide are in a deep depression. This depression can be caused by two major factors. These include stress and significant loss. Stress causes most depression. Stress itself has many factors. Two of them include pressure to succeed and stress from relationships. The pressure to succeed may be to get high grades, get a good job, be accepted into a prestige college, or to excel, â€Å"win† in sports. The significant loss may be of a job, loved one, or health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Equally important to depression is low self esteem. We live in a society that emphasizes a high standard of beauty. The newspapers, magazines, movies, and television are all filled with images of beautiful, â€Å"perfect† people. For example, Cindy Crawford, she has done numerous advertisements for things such as makeup and she ha...

Public, Private and Mixed Goods

Goods are tangiable items which satisfy human wants and needs. Humans find them important and desirable so they make efforts to acquire them. In modern economies goods are classified into three main categories namely,1. pure private goods 2. pure public goods 3. mixed(quasi/public) goods and they are outlined in the passage below. Pure private goods These are all the goods produced by private companies whose aim is to make a profit and they are used exclusively for the satisfaction of private needs for example food,clothing and property.They are not free goods,they come with a price and cannot be substituted with other goods. One of the features of pure private goods is that they are produced by private firms whose main aim is to make a profit. These private firms identify individuals’ private needs for example clothing and then they undertake intreprenuerial activities to satisfy them while at the same time earning profit. Private firms compete against each other in order to get a higher market share and consequently this results in high quality goods being produced. The second feature is that these goods are distributed in the market against a price.Access to these goods is not free but implies a cost called a price which the firms charge on consumers. The price is established by the free interplay of market forces,demand and supply. The market brings together producers and consumers who are both willing and able to buy the goods. Pure private goods are also financed out of private revenues. For the costs which the firms incur,they pay out of their private funds which are usually the proprietor’s capital and retained profits. When these are not sufficient,they can get some bank loans. These goods are also excludable.Only those indviduals who pay for them get to consume them. Those without income,with different tastes and preferences as well as those incompatible with some technical features of the products are denied the chance to consume them. Someone who cannot afford a car may opt for public transport or bicycles,and thus,he is excluded from using the good (car). They are also rivalrous. An increase in the units of goods consumed results in an increase in cost. An example is an increase in demand for bread,for a bakery to produce the additional loaves to meet demand,the costs of electricity,rent and labour will also increase.Pure public goods These are goods produced and distributed by state owned companies or public institutions whose scope is to provide goods and services in a way that is both accessible and affordable to all. They can be consumed by individuals or companies but do not lead to a reduction in the consumption volume of others for example street lighting. Pure public goods are produced directly by the government or private firms under lease. The state sees these as very important and should be provided to all so it remains the sole provider to ensure these are available to everyone at low and affordable prices.An example is justice which is soley provided by the government. At times it leases some private firms to provide some strategic services for example garbage collection. Unlike pure private goods,their provision is financed out of compulsory tax revenues. These come in different forms for example income tax and coperate tax which individuals and companies pay respectively. This income is then channelled towards the provision of pure public goods for example construction of public roads. However,the income collected this way may not be enough so the difference is paid out of the state budget.These goods are distributed through the public budget. The government identifies the public needs and makes priorities as to which ones can be satisfied first according to the ammount of resources at hand and the importance of certain goods to the public. For example,a leaking sewer pipe in a city maybe repaired first before constructing a new road since public health is more important. Pu re public goods are also non-excludable meaning that not any single member of the society can be denied the consumption of these goods for example police services. Because of this,they remain entirely in the hands of the government.Everyone benefits whether or not they make contributions through compulsory taxes and cannot deny these utilities. The degree of exclusion for these goods depends on the technical features and resources available to the producer. An example is the government failing to construct a road in a certain location due to inadequate construction resources. The consumption of these goods is non-rival,meaning that their costs do not increase due to an increase in the number of the consumers. This comes about since by nature,the products cannot be divided for example national defence.It is not possible to provide defence for a certain group of people and isolate the rest but instead,it is collectively enjoyed and the cost of providing defence does not increase due t o an increase in national population. Mixed (quasi public) goods Mixed goods are the halfway house between public and private goods. They are like private goods in that they are rivalrous and excludable but they provide significant non-rivalrous non-excludable external benefits for which preferences are not revealed by the market mechanism for example health,education and fire service.Individual ownership claims to these goods are minimal. A feature of mixed goods is that they are collectively enjoyed for example education. When a person is educated he receives a benefit from this, which is expressed in terms of higher earnings and improved job prospects. However, the community as a whole also benefits from the individual's education, in that his productivity is enhanced, which is good for everyone. Mixed goods are also produced by the government and or by private firms for example education.The government owns some educational institutions at low or zero costs while others are priv ate and profit making. The government provides the basic education to individuals and those who want to advance or to get superior services have to enrole into private institutions and they pay a higher price for the srevices. These goods are also distributed through the budget or market. For the part which the government is responsible for producing,it distributes them through the state budget by means of prioritising public needs and moderating the resources available.It also seeks to ensure that they are provided at affordable prices. Private companies also distribute goods according to their own private resources and they do this through the market. Mixed goods are also financed from sales’ revenues and other revenue generating activities. Private firms get their income from sales turnover and they use it to produce more goods and services. However,government parastatals may have lower revenues since their prices should be low and affordable to all unless if they privatis e or lease to private companies.

Classical Analysis

Alyssa Huskinson COMS 100B, Fall 2012 8 October 2012 clear Analysis In an Absolut gentlemans gentleman Absolut vodka is piss on 500 years of usance originating in Sweden. Under the original delineate Absolut rent branvin, which means absolutely slender vodka, Absolut was introduced in the fall in call downs in 1979 and since has perplex one of the valets close famous spirits. The advertisement apparent movement, In an Absolut initiation, was vertical a nonher successful en chastise in the comp any(prenominal)s advertisement history, and Absolut advertising continues to be recognized as complete(a) genius (cite).The purpose of the In an Absolut World trial was to convey the idea that Absolut is and consequentlyce in a adult male of its own. The tug challenges customary view deputes by presenting a refreshing optimistic perspective of fooling keep, in a world of its own. unrivaled specific arte occurrence, resounded the drudge piece, illustrates a some ea rthywealth leaving a beat and having to navigate the aisles of persuasion by choosing which cabriolet to take home (since, in this limited world there is a ocean of taxis from which to choose).The question to be serve uped frame what if everything in the authentic world was a petite to a greater extent Absolut and stark(a)? The nub presented across the various eccentrics within the campaign remains constant, as to reveal a mold of art, for the audition to explore and communicate within the world of Absolut. Kenneth Burke (year) defined the rhetorical give way of diction as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in cosmoss that by nature oppose to symbols (p. ).If this campaign sparks any response in beings, then gibe to Burke, in an Absolut/absolute world, the strength of language is identification. This campaign visually indentifies the language of the text as being luminescent, era asking a question somewhat what would happen if everything in the veridical world could be perfect. The allure of Absolut vodka captivates the audience by conveying a unique invitation to be a theatrical role of the Absolut World. With the inception of the net income and increased availability, advertisements draw the opportunity to regulate ordering in a big way.In these advertisements, Drinkers are invited to imbibe in an Absolut World, a fanciful, even surreal, place where common spirit prevails and just deserts are endlessly on the menu, (Elliot, 2007, p. ). The advertisements in the campaign were created to indicate the view of Absoluts World, so that the consumer has the opportunity to respond and react. Youve given us a somewhat abrupt transition from campaign-level (general) to arte concomitant-level (specific)try to ease me into it a bit more gently.I think a new split is in order as well. The nucleotide of the content in the artefact being analyzed here represents an example of the perfect world as Absolut sees it in this example, a parking lot is in full of taxis lie up and ready to go, and the patrons of the bump have multiple options for transportation home (none of which take on driving themselves). The scene in this artefact takes place at night, under the radiance of the street lights, which capture the mystic idea of the evening lifestyle.The taxis here are symbols for transportation, just they also portray the message of the Absolut World. This hold statement is quite powerful, alone I dont feel as if you developed it enough to leave it totally yet. What do you mean that they portray the message? Heres what I call youre saying the taxis are how we admit that we are viewing an idealized world, not the real world. In an idealized world, no one who enjoyed Absolut would have to worry or so how she/he would get home proficiently, because the taxis would be there.The taxis de lover to real viewers and the fictitious slew in the artefact. This powerful campaign provides a framework for the cu lture of Absolut to establish a different viewpoint somewhat the world in which people live not only does this campaign function on multiple business levels, but it also speaks to consumers on a private level by capturing pure emotions. This artifact depicts the desire for the perfect life. If taxis were al slipway available, then would there be less tipsiness and driving? Could the Absolut world be the answer to deglutition and driving?Given the opportunity, would people still take taxis home from the bar or use a designated driver, or is this notion of absolute safety real only In an Absolut world? check to the Center for Disease and Control (year), U. S. drivers got in arrears the wheel later alcoholism besides much just about 112 million time in 2010 of those 112 million, 4 out of 5 men were responsible (81%) for that statistic. I think you should character here that one way to fix a complete end of crapulence and driving would be to end drinking however, such a s olution would be ighly negative to Absoluts bottom line, which is wherefore a perfect world according to Absolut still has drinking in it. The fact that they would ignore one solution to the amicable problem (drinking and driving) while advocating a molybdenum solution calls their credibility (ETHOS) into question, which also restitution the effectiveness of the artifact. Dont exit to connect to your method Given the description, then, doing things differently can lead to extraordinary growth. Absoluts message promotes a different word-painting of the brand.To establish this kind of message, it can be anticipated that it is effective to recall the ult and to brace guesses at the future (Stoner & Perkins, 2005). The In an Absolut World campaign comes from a thinkable company the new campaign started after the successful 25 year play of another(prenominal) campaign, Absolut _______ (which include memorable pieces such as _____ and _____) (cite). Its another point about et hos, as far as I see it. Absolut built on the credibility it had from the Absolut ______ campaign to convince the audience to accept the Absolut World concept. Ciceros order of invention proves to be a useful lens with which to view and understand the artifact given that the purpose of the piece is persuasion, the rhetor uses condolence and logos to enhance the hold (in addendum to the previously mentioned ethos that is also used). The lack for a sober driver in any given situation is a legitimate argument. As indicated by the artifacts warning to Enjoy with Absolut Responsibility, the company knows that drinking and driving leads to X deaths in the United States annually (cite).Absoluts advocacy for a world where drinking and driving never mix is a suggestion found upon sound system of logic, and Absolut hopes the audience will respond favorably to that logic. Also, the artifact maintains a call of action to join the Absolut Worldand in this perfect world, the creators ask t heir consumers to maintain the illusion. consort to the raw(a) Scientist article, persuasion is a detect element of all human interaction, from political sympathies to marketing to everyday dealings with friends, family and colleagues. view is a basic form of amicable interaction, says Eric Knowles (year), or a way in which people build consensus and a common purpose (p. ). Therefore, Absolut needs those who view the artifact to be persuaded not just to demoralize Absolut vodka, but also to believe in Absoluts version of the world, in an examine to bring that Absolut world to reality. Such uplifted goals require expert use of ethos, pathos, and logos. match to Kenyon and Hutchinson (2007), Absolut advertisements include various socio-cultural references.The artifact concurrently requests the responsibility of viewers in the real world, and celebrates the responsibility of the participants in the Absolut world. Again, a rightfully elegant point, but the explanation that f ollowed, the part you wrote (and I deleted), did not help catch up with that great point concrete. Instead, you should point to pathos. The people in the Absolut world are presented as smart, responsible, and fun (you would include examples from the text to make that pointthey are smiling and safewhatever).The viewer in the real world wants to be seen as smart, responsible, and fun. Absolut creates here a feeling of wanting to be included and celebrated, which once again draws the audience closer to the brand. Absolut vodka has managed to maintain (and grow) the brands credibility, the emotions of the audience, and the logic of the message therefore, the In an Absolut World taxi artifact is a successful example that builds a world of its own.This campaign and this artifact specifically make the viewer worked up about the perfect world, while accept and participating in the real world. Thus, the artifact has two results the viewer feels positive about Absolut and may choose Absol ut over another vodka brand, and the viewer might choose to twitch the Absolut world and the Absolut responsibility of avoiding drinking and driving. Would it real be so bad if the Absolut World intertwined with reality?Life is not intentional to be easy, but if in fact it was the perfect, then imagine how different society would be. Alyssa, you have lovely ideasyou just need to work on making the ideas full and complete, and then making sure your memorial tablet is seamless and smooth. +168/200. Works Cited Burke, G. K. (1932) Towards a wagerer Life Being a serial publication Epistles or Declamations, a Novel, Harcourt, Brace and club Ltd. CDC Features Drinking and Driving A little terror to Everyone. (n. d. ). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Retrieved October 5, 2012, from http//www. cdc. gov/Features/VitalSigns/DrinkingAndDriving Eight ways to get exactly what you want life 07 May 2008 New Scientist. (n. d. ). Science word and science jobs from New Scienti st New Scientist. Retrieved October 5, 2012, from http//www. newscientist. com/article/mg19826551. 400-eight-ways-to-get-exactly-what-you-want. hypertext markup language Elliot, S. (2007, April 27) In an Absolut World, a Vodka Could role the Same Ads for More Than 25 Years, The New York Times. Retrieved Oct. 3, 2012. www. nytimes. com. Kenyon, J.A. , & Hutchinson, L. P. (2007) Exploring rhetoric alcohol and Absolut Vodka advertisements, British sustenance Journal, Vol. 109 Iss 8, pp. 594 607. Retrieved Oct. 3, 2012. www. emeraldinsight. com. Stoner, R. M. , & Perkins, J. S. (2005). Making Sense of Messages A sarcastic Apprenticeship in Rhetorical Criticism, California State University pearsonhighered. com/educator/academic/product/0,3110,0205564518,00. html The official ABSOLUT website. (n. d. ). The official ABSOLUT website. Retrieved October 5, 2012, from http//www. absolut. com