Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead Essays - Cultural Anthropologists

Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead After high school, Ruth Benedict took a year off to travel overseas. Upon returning home she was unsure of what she wanted to do with her life. Years later, she married Stanley Benedict, a Biochemistry Professor at Cornell Medical School. In the fall of 1919, Ruth went back to school and began to focus more on anthropology. She studied under the famous diffusionist Franz Boas and became his assistant. Ruth taught Margaret Mead. Ruth and Margaret became good friends and developed a shared need of each other. Ruth concentrated most of her efforts on researching and studying different cultures on which many of her writings were based. She wrote of the differences between the cultures around the world and talked about different patterns related to culture and behavior. Ruth was very talented in summarizing and clearly arranging facts which were characteristic of her writings and ultimately her approach to anthropology; this, perhaps, may be the reason many of her reviews were published in professional papers and magazines throughout her career. Ruth Benedict was a very important figure in early anthropology and even more so in cultural anthropology. She was one of the first female anthropologists of her time. Her books serve as a referral of humanistic thought in the 20th century. Ruth Benedict has helped shape the discipline of anthropology not only in the United States, but also for the rest of the world. After a year at Depauw University at Greencastle, Indiana, Margaret Mead, entered Barnard College, Columbia University. It was here that she decided to make anthropology her major. She later received her B.A. degree. She also got her M.A. degree in psychology. In 1929, she received her Ph.D. Dr. Margaret Mead is a specialist in what she herself describes as ?conditioning of the social personalities of both sexes.? She had several field trips. First, she was in the Samoan Islands and than the Manus tribe of the Admiralty Islands in the West Pacific Ocean. In 1930, Dr. Mead went to study an American Indian Tribe the identity that is hidden by the name of ?the Antlers? in her book noting her findings and conclusions. Between 1931 and 1933, Dr. Mead went in the New Guinea area to do research on three contrasted tribes, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor, and the Tchumbuli. For three years, starting in 1936, Dr. Mead was busy on fieldwork in Bali and New Guinea. She has always found her profession so different that she has not felt the need for a hobby; she reportedly enjoys the theater and reads good poetry.

Whats the Highest New SAT Score Possible

What's the Highest New SAT Score Possible SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Understanding how the SAT scoring system works is an important part of preparing for the test. After all, how else are you supposed to measure your progress and set goals? The SAT underwent some big format changes in 2016, which means that the scoring system most people were familiar with was radically overhauled. Here, I’ll cover how the scoring system has changed on the SAT, how this has affected the highest possible SAT score, and what this means for test takers. How Has the SAT Changed in Recent Years? Before 2005, the SAT had just two sections (Math and Critical Reading), and each was scored on a scale of 200-800, giving you a maximum possible SAT score of 1600. In 2005, the College Board instituted a newer version of the SAT with three sections; this changed the maximum possible score to 2400. The new version of the SAT also came with updates to test content and question types. But in the beginning of 2016, the College Board updated the SAT a second time both in terms of its scoring system and content.There are still three parts of the test but these are now scored as two sections:Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing(which is a combination of Reading and Writing). Each of these sections is scored on a scale of 200-800.In addition, there’s an optional Essay section(whose score is separate from your overall SAT score). You might notice that the structure of the current SAT isfairly similar to that of the ACT. Another important change is the switch to rights-only scoring, which means that points are no longer deducted for wrong answers. Simply put, there’s no guessing penalty on the SAT! Now, let's take a closer look at what these changes mean for the highest possible SAT score and the SAT Essay. The Highest Possible SAT Score As I mentioned, the current SAT is scored as two sections (Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, or EBRW). Each has a maximum of 800. This means that the new highest possible SAT score is 1600. Basically, the SAT shifted from a maximum score of 1600 (before 2005), to a maximum score of 2400 (2005-2015), to back down to a maximum of 1600 (2016-present).Note, though, that even though the SAT returned to the 1600 scale, the current SAT format differs a lot from its very old (pre-2005) format. You can learn more about what counts as a good, bad, or average SAT scoreby reading our guide. The Highest Possible SAT Essay Score The essay used to be a mandatory part of the SAT Writing section. Now, though, it's an optional separate section with an independent scoring system.This means that your Essay score is not included in the total maximum SAT score of 1600. Two graders will read your SAT essay and score your work on three different dimensions: reading, analysis, and writing. Each grader will give you between 1 and 4 points for each dimension. In sum, each dimension is being scored out of 8 possible points. Three separate scores (out of 8 points each) means that the highest possible SAT Essay score is 8|8|8, or 24 total points. Because the essay is now scored on three separate dimensions, it may make it easier for you to hone in on (and improve) your writing weaknesses. What These SAT Scoring Changes Mean for You These structural and scoring changes to the SAT might not sound like a huge deal, but they could change the way you approach the test. Here are the major features of the new SAT to keep in mind as you prepare for the test: #1: There's a Greater Emphasis on Math On the old SAT, the Reading and Writing sections accounted for two-thirds of your total SAT score, whereas Math accounted for just one-third (remember that each of the three sections was scored on a separate scale of 200-800 points, adding up to a maximum of 2400 points). Now, the Math section accounts for half your total SAT score. If Math isn’t your strong subject, you'll need to dedicate more time to preparing for this section than you would have had to do had you taken the old version of the SAT. Since Math now counts for a far bigger fraction of your score, you don't want to do poorly on it! To get started on your SAT Math prep, check out our ultimate guide to the SAT Math section. #2: Know the Expectations for the SAT Essay The current SAT Essay gives you three scores for three different dimensions, with each being out of 8 points.Check out the SAT Essay rubric to see exactly what graders are looking for from test takers. I also recommendreadingour guide to getting a perfect 8 on each of the three SAT Essay dimensions. #3: Don't Be Scared to Guess on Questions With the 2016 switch to rights-only scoring (meaning that there are no point deductions for wrong answers), there’s no reason to leave any questions blank.You have nothing to lose if you guess on a question that you’re otherwise unable to answer, so go ahead and put down an answer! Take a look at our article onhow and when to guess on SAT questionsto learn more about how to increase your chances of getting a question right on test day. Guessing obviously isn’t ideal, but these changes to the SAT mean you don’t have to stress about whether to guess if you’re super stuck on a question! What’s Next? How many people actually score a 1600 on the SAT?Read our expert guide to learn what the answer is! Knowing how the SAT is scored can be useful- but it’s even more helpful if you have a context for understanding these scores. Start off by learning about the SAT score range. Afterward, read up on what counts as good, bad, or excellent SAT score. Intrigued by the idea of a perfect SAT score? Check out our famous guide on how to get a 1600, written by an actual perfect scorer! Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

The Commonly Confused Words Bathos and Pathos

The Commonly Confused Words Bathos and Pathos The words bathos and pathos are related in meaning as well as in sound, but theyre not interchangeable. Definitions The noun bathos refers to an abrupt and often ludicrous transition from the elevated to the ordinary (a form of anticlimax), or to an excessively sentimental demonstration of pathos. The word bathos  (adjective form, bathetic) almost always has a negative connotation. The noun pathos  (adjective form, pathetic) refers to a quality in something experienced or observed that evokes sympathy and a feeling of sorrow. Examples The director had clearly decided to confront us with the gruesome detail of the massacre, but the sight of artificial dismembered limbs, human torsos dangling in  trees, and blood-stained cavalry men riding about brandishing human legs and heads,  that all clearly had the weight of polystyrene, made his intentions ridiculous.  The entire cinema burst out laughing as the film  descended into bathos. We expected the gruesome and got the bizarre instead.(John Wright, Why Is That So Funny? Limelight, 2007)The  pathos  of the  Frankenstein  legend is that the monster has some traits of humanity remaining within him.Mr. Moretti has a habit of crossing the line from pathos to bathos, but he imbues this  movie [Mia Madre] with such honest sentiment  that he can evoke a lifetime of feeling with just the shot of an empty chair.(Manohla  Dargis, New York Film Festival Walks the Tightrope Between Art and Commerce. The New York Times, September 24, 2015) Usage Notes Dont confuse bathos with pathos. Bathos, the Greek word for depth, is a descent from the sublime to the ridiculous. You commit bathos if, for example, you ruin a stately speech by ending it with some tasteless anecdote. The adjective is bathetic, like pathetic, the adjective for pathos, the Greek word for suffering. Bathos is commonly misused as the equivalent of sloppy sentimentality.(John B. Bremner, Words on Words: A Dictionary for Writers and Others Who Care About Words. Columbia University Press, 1980)Pathos is the quality of something, such as speech or music, that evokes a feeling of pity or sorrow: The mother told her tale with such pathos that tears came to the eyes of many present. Bathos is either insincere pathos or a descent from the sublime to the ridiculous: The play was rather moving in places, but the episode where the two take a shower together was pure bathos.(Adrian Room, Dictionary of Confusable Words. Fitzroy Dearborn, 2000)Pathos occurs when a feeling of pity, compassion or tenderness towards a character or situation is evoked in the reader. Pathos will be usually felt towards a hero, an admired character or a victim. The group victims of a disaster will also frequently engender pathos. The undeserved or early death of a character is a subject for pathos. If we have cried over some incident in a book we have experienced pathos. Think of the death of Ophelia in Hamlet and notice how it is Gertrudes speech about a young girls death which is the means by which Shakespeare induces pathos...The writer must always strike a careful balance with such scenes if pathos is to be achieved. Even good writers can sometimes go over the top into bathos, when an incident or character that should have aroused compassion veers toward the absurd or ludicrous. Dickens in The Old Curiosity Shop clearly meant the death of Little Nell to arouse pathos and for the most part it did with his contemporary readers. Many modern readers though find the overblown descri ption almost laughable.(Colin Bulman, Creative Writing: A Guide and Glossary to Fiction Writing. Polity Press, 2007) Practice (a) The pat ending of Beauty and the Beast disregards the dark undercurrent of genuine _____ and suffering that had made the Beast so endearing.(b) Don Gibsons . . . specialty  became the tearjerkin country ballad, although many of his recordings were so drenched in self-pity that they crossed the line into pure _____.(Richard Carlin,  Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge, 2003) Scroll down for answers below: Answers to Practice Exercises: (a) The pat ending of  Beauty and the Beast  disregards the dark undercurrent of genuine  pathos  and suffering that had made the Beast so endearing.(b) Don Gibsons . . . specialty  became the tearjerkin country ballad, although many of his recordings were so drenched in self-pity that they crossed the line into pure  bathos.(Richard Carlin,  Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge, 2003)

External environment , business strategy Coursework

External environment , business strategy - Coursework Example Under the competitive environment, also referred to as the task or industry environment, the strategist takes into consideration the decisions, actions and moves initiated by rival firms in the same industry. The PESTEL analysis and five forces model would delineate the opportunities that an organization can tap. At the same time, various threats that the organization should be vary of would also be uncovered with the help of this analysis. These threats and opportunities are kept in mind and correlated with internal strengths and weaknesses while deciding various strategic issues including which businesses should the company invest money in. The objectives are also set keeping in mind the opportunities available to the organization. Under the political factors, the strategist has to take into consideration the political stability, ideology of the ruling government as well as its attitude towards various businesses. The economic factors include interest rates, income levels, unemployment rates, and rate of inflation prevailing in the country. In general, recessionary conditions can have an adverse impact on companies. Rising affluence of people may prove to be a boon to companies especially to those operating in the entertainment and leisure sector. The social factors include the opinions, beliefs, values and attitudes of the people. Number of women in the workforce, concern for health and fitness are also socio-cultural aspects, the increase in which can provide a boost to certain industries. Technological aspects too impact businesses. A company operating in the cell phone or computer manufacturing industry may confront a short product life cycle. In order to sustain in such an environment such company will have to constantly invest in research and development and manufacture state-of-the-art technologically advanced products. The issue of global warming has necessitated that all companies adopt ‘green’ measures. This may

Recession in the economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recession in the economy - Essay Example Hence, countries are expected to come up with various macro and microeconomic policies that spur positive growth so that their economies can recover from the menace. Such is the case in Poland if they want to redeem the situation. Consumption forms a critical development criterion in any economy and the state must find measures to spur the vice. The government should first reduce taxes on the basic goods and services as it would reduce the prices of the commodities. Consumers will increase the number of consumption bundles and have an extra income that they can spend on other goods. As a result, the consumption patterns increases that bring more money to manufacturers that they can invest and spur growth in the country. Another measure is by the Poland government to provide subsidies to the producers. The manufacturer's cost of operations will be reduced hence making cheaper commodities (Auerbach, Alan and Yuriy, pg 15). This policy will translate into low prices of goods and service s in the market that will reduce inflation. High consumption results in more sales that lead to high revenues. The firms can hence invest the excess income making them expand and, as a result, hire more workers that reduce unemployment in the economy. Through the central bank of the country, the benchmark lending interest for loans should be reduced to commercial banks. The reduced mortgage rates would be passed to consumers and investments in the form of reduced lending by the commercial bank. More persons and firms would acquire the loan services that they invest in major parts of the country. The policy is necessary because the interest rate is inversely related to investments levels. The higher the interest rate, the lower the investment and the opposite are right (Auerbach, Alan and Yuriy, pg 18). Therefore, due to low rates, investors will expand their production that increases the level of output within the economy. The increased production makes the gross domestic products t o raise that makes the country have a favorable trade balance with her business partners increasing economic growth in the country.

Clinical Nursing Essay Example for Free

Clinical Nursing Essay Introduction Nurses utilize multiple theories daily to care for patients and their families, though these theories range from grand, to situation-specific, to mid-range the nurse tends to focuses on which theory will provide the best care to his/her patient. Perhaps in my opinion mid-range theories with their growing frequency of use are best suited for nursing in the 21st century. Mid-range theories are said to be middle rather than ordinary but they are specific enough to evaluate observed situations (McCurry, Revell, Roy, 2009). There are multiple reasons why mid-range theories offer some of the most up to date information when it comes to the care of our patients and families, but let’s just break it down to three; interpersonal relations, family, and health promotion. The middle range theories of these three examples will provide a set of assumptions and/or predictions from specific situations confirmed by research (Nolan Grant, 1991). Interpersonal relations First, Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations has influenced patient care in the 21st century worldwide. What is so crucial and probably most significant with this mid-range theory is its focus on human issues and its value of future generations (Barker, 1998). Nurses utilize this theory to treat each patient as an individual realizing that each person and their situation are unique. By applying this knowledge to each patient the nurse is able to develop a therapeutic relationship, which will promote the planning and implementation of nursing care. For nursing care to be successful they must view the nurse/patient relationship as a partnership being aware both are working together for a common goal (Barker, 1998). Also, interpersonal relations are used in all areas of nursing, which is why it is so important for the future of nursing, because without these relationships we would not be effective in our profession. These relationships are needed to expand our know ledge of each patient and their situation. By establishing trust the patients are encouraged to express themselves openly and honestly. Therefore the relationship built bridges barriers that may have hindered the patient outcome. Family Second, Hildegard Peplau’s mid-range theory of family systems has revolutionized the nursing approach in which families are incorporated into decision makers. Currently, families are viewed as the most influenecial person when it comes to the care of their loved one, meaning not only are nurses to build a therapeutic relationship and trust with the patient but with their family as well (Forchuck Dorsay, 1995). This theory molds nurses into advocates for the family unit, which in turn influences the patient’s quality of life. These relationships with families are crucial when it comes to care, for example, if a patient was unable to provide the nurse with health history or tell them when they are in pain the family is able to be the eyes, ears and speech of their loved one. This action improves the care for the patient and nurses need the families as much as the patient needs the nurse. This is one of the reason’s why this theory works in the 21st century even wi th all the technology in the world, we as nurses still need the human interaction to open our eyes to the patient/family dynamic. Family system nursing is both the individual and the family simultaneously instead of just merely family nursing where the nurse takes care of the patient within the context of the family (Forchuck Dorsay, 1995). This practice focuses on the interactions and relationships made between the nurse, individual and family. In order for this theory to be successful the nurse must be aware of the range of choices and downfalls associated with family system nursing. Also it is necessary to build on these relationships to provide creative personal choice and consistent flow of care for the patient to enhanced achievable goals. This engagement of nursing with family systems opens the door for problem solving of patient situations, which implements structure in the nurse/individual/family relationship (Forchuck Dorsay, 1995). Health promotion Third, is the promotion and maintenance of health by utilizing Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model. Health promoting behavior is enhanced through nursing practice, which enhances the patient’s overall well being. This mid-range theory is important today because it guides a supportive and educative system in health promotion in a patient who needs teaching and  demonstration in performing self-care. By applying this method the nurse is able to identify patient’s health promoting behavior’s such as, health importance, self-efficacy, perceived control of health and perceived health status to find any gaps and/or barriers to their health promoting behavior (Simmons, 1990). By promoting health the nurse seeks to care for the individual by developing these behaviors of healthy living, which sets the stage for the individuals to gain knowledge to care for themselves. This applies to all nurses who actively promote healthy living by becoming an active influence in developing healthy living behaviors through education and guidance. Conclusion These middle range theories set the groundwork for research. Each are utilized daily in clinical practice to provide the best patient care. The rationale for considering the middle range theories is an important factor when considering a care plan, which requires the use of the nursing process. These theories follow the nursing process and help guide our responses to promote, educate, integrate and build relationships with these individuals and their families with the same common goal of promoting health. These authors point out how the nursing profession is influential in the care of other and how their actions influence health beliefs. These middle range theories build on other theories, which is why they are so important in nursing practice today. These theories can be used in different areas of nursing as well as using multiple theories in one area of nursing such as mental health. Also, middle range theories have identified multiple interventions for health related issues throug h simple research (McCurry et al., 2009). Nurses like myself have adopted these theories and incorporate them into daily practice to increase my own understanding of my patient and their situations and this is why I chose middle range theories. References Barker, P. (1998). The future of the Theory of Interpersonal Relations? A personal reflection on Peplau’s legacy. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 5, 213-220. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.1998.00128.x Forchuk, C. Dorsay, J. (1995). Hildegard Peplau meets family systems nursing: innovation in theory-based practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 110-115. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1995.21010110.x McCurry, M. Roy, C. (2009). Knowledge for the good of the individual and society: linking philosophy, disciplinary goals, theory, and practice. Nursing Philosophy, 11, 42-52. doi:10.1111/j.1466769X.2009.00423.x Nolan, M. Grant, G. (1992). Mid-range theory building and the nursing theory-practice gap: a respite care case study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 217-223. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01876.x Simmons, S. (1990). The Health-Promoting Self-Care System Model: directions for nursing research and practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 1162-1166. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2646.1990.tb01708.x

Customer Service Essay -- Business Management Studies

Customer Service Many business organisations have different definitions of customer service. For example, according to the Chartered Institute of Marketing, â€Å"Customer Service is what your business delivers to achieve customer satisfaction†. Another example is, according to the ACA Group, â€Å"Customer service is the ability of an organisation to constantly and consistently give the customer what they want and need†. All business organisations need to make certain that their customers are satisfied with the service they receive because; customers are the most important part of any successful organisations. Businesses such as, Barclays aim to exceed customer expectation in order to ensure that customers enjoy themselves, leave having enjoyed themselves and return in the coming future. Good customer service makes customers satisfied by fulfilling their needs first. Good customer service requires all staff to place themselves in the position of their customers. All staff should be aware of how they would like to be treated if, they were a customer, and deal their customers, for that reason. All business organisations should complete the A.R.T. of great service, to carry out a good customer service: Approachable- An organisation must create an open and friendly environment that will influence customers to come in with self-assurance so that, their matter can be dealt with. R esponsive- All staff should take responsibility of their action. Customer service should be flexible and provide precise and honest information, at all times. Timely- All customer services provide their services accurately and efficiently to new and existing customers, at all times. The following are the main activities of customer service: Ø Providing information Ø Giving advice Ø Providing assistance Ø Providing credit facilities Ø After-sales service Providing Information The type of information will depend on the product or service. Here are some examples, is the wool jumper flammable; how much is that laptop; when can you deliver the double-sized bed, what after-sales facilities do you provide? Getting the correct answers to these questions depends on the product and service knowledge of the sales staff, i.e. how well they have been trained. Giving Advice Advice is more accurate than information because, it involves more detail, greater specialist knowledge and modified to t... ... For example, to be faithful to the customers 3. Lost customers-For example, to encourage dissatisfied customers to complain 4. Employees- For example, to give staff training, to deal with complaints and problems quickly When receiving a complaint from an unhappy customer, the business must carry out the following: Ø Listen to the customer’s story Ø Ask for invoice/receipt to show date of purchase Ø If customers is angry, report to a manager Ø Examine the product When dealing a complaint from an unhappy customer, the business must carry out the following: Ø Advise customers of their views such as, legal requirements Ø Make an offers to customer such as, refunds or replacements Ø Give a receipt for products Ø Write on credit note any expiry date Many businesses record customer complaints so that, they can review the matter, and to improve its customer service. Details of each complaint can be recorded in several ways. For example, IKEA records all telephone complaints and directs them to the call centre at Stockport. Details of each complaint can be recorded onto the computer. Also, details of each complaint can also be recorded onto the ‘Customer Complaint Form’.

Explain Advantages and Disadvantages of the Process of Amending the Constitution

â€Å"Explain advantages and disadvantages of the process of amending the constitution† {15 marks} There process of amending the US constitution is a long process with lots of checks and balances created by the founding fathers; this was to limit radical and frequent amendments. The first part of the process is proposing an amendment this can be done in two ways, firstly by having two-thirds of both houses of the  United States Congress  agree to the proposal, or by a  national convention  assembled at the request of the  legislatures  of at least two-thirds of the  states agreeing to the proposal.To have a proposed amendment become part of the US constitution the proposed amendment needs to ratified, by having either ? of the states (38 states) agree to ratify the proposal or by holding state ratifying conventions in ? of the states, however this method has only been used once.One advantage of the process of amending the constitution is that it protects the cons titution from frequent change to do with popular opinion, it means that to amend the constitution the amendment has to be sensible and needed at not something to be taken lightly, this can be shown by the fact that the constitution has only been amended 27 times which shows change is possible but not too easy that it changes the historic values that America was built upon, helps control one party controlling power.This is an advantage as it means that when a party comes into power (e. g. republicans) they cannot go and make lots of amendments that benefit them or are in their opinion, as the house of representatives usually as around 50/50 republican democrats proportion and you need 2/3 to have a proposal accepted. The system is democratic as 38/50 must agree which means its fair and reduces the chance of lots of unnecessary changes.One Disadvantage is that the process is time consuming which means that if an amendment is popular with the public e. g. banning guns due to increased gun crime then it may be rejected by republicans which means it a no, however this was the point when the constitution was created, and was purposely made difficult to amend. However some would argue that it’s so hard to amend that it cannot move with the modern times freely.Another disadvantage is that because of the difficulties of amending the constitution it has led to the supreme court assuming the role, this is when the supreme court rules on a case that something is unconstitutional which means that local governments can decide whether to enforce their decisions. In an extreme case if amendment proposals are constantly being rejected then a new constitution may branch off to create these new amendments in a separate constitution wiping out the existing one.In conclusion the process of amending the constitution is a long and tedious one but it makes sure that an amendment has to be supported by a large percentage and something that should be taken seriously, this means that there is not lots of amendments which could jeopardise the historic values of the American constitution, and also make the nation less stable as there is constant change which could confuse people. Lastly the process of amending the constitution is confusing and frustrating but without it America could be changed radically very quickly.

Personal Hygiene Essay

Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap). The World Health Organization states that: â€Å"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. The word ‘sanitation’ also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.[1] The term sanitation is applied to a wide range of subjects such as: Improved sanitation – refers to the management of human faeces at the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of theMillennium Development Goal on sanitation, by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. On-site sanitation – the collection and treatment of waste is done where it is deposited. Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic tanks, and Imhoff tanks. Food sanitation – refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety Environmental sanitation – the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control. Ecological sanitation – an approach that tries to emulate nature through the recycling of nutrients and water from human and animal wastes in a hygienically safe manner san ·i ·ta ·tion  noun ËÅ'sa-nÉ™-ˈtÄ -shÉ™n: the process of keeping places free from dirt, infection, disease, etc., by removing waste, trash and garbage, by cleaning streets, etc. Health Impacts of Sanitation[edit] For any social and economic development, adequate sanitation in conjunction with good hygiene and safe water are essential to good health (Mara, Lane and Scott and Trouba 1). Lack of proper sanitation causes diseases. Most of the diseases resulting from sanitation have a direct relation to poverty. The lack of clean water and poor sanitation has caused many diseases and the spread of diseases. Sanitation is very important in order to keep good health.One of the most significant diseases that arise from poor sanitation is diarrhea. Deaths resulting from diarrhea are estimated to be between 1.6 and 2.5 million deaths every year (Mara, Lane and Scott and Trouba 2). Most of the affected are young children below the ages of five. Other diseases that are caused by poor sanitation include schistosomiasis, trachoma, and soil transmitted Helminthiases. Poor sanitation accounts for almost 50 percent of underweight child since it has a direct link to diarrhea. Children suffering for diarrhea are more vulnerable to become underweight. According to Mara, Lane, and Scott and Trouba (3), about 26 percent acute respiratory infections occur in children who are malnourished, which has a direct link to diarrhea. Sanitation is a serious issue that is affecting most parts of the world especially the developing countries. On a global scale, the most affected are children who in most cases lose their lives due to diseases caused by poor sanitation. Major initiatives need to be set up if the MDG goal on sanitation is to be achieved by 2015. †¢ WHAT IS SANITATION? †¢ Sanitation literally means measures necessary for improving and protecting health and well being of the people. Sanitation is any system that promotes proper disposal of human and animal wastes, proper use of toilet and avoiding open space defaecation. †¢ WHAT IS DEFAECATION? †¢ It is the practice of passing out excreta †¢ WHAT IS OPEN DEFAECATION? †¢ It is the practice of passing out excreta in open field and indiscriminately. This excreta often finds it way into sources of drinking water and food and may lead to disease. A drop can kill: One gram of excreta can contain; 10,000,000 viruses 1,000,000 bacteria 1,000 parasites cysts 100 parasite eggs ÂÆ' WHY SHOULD I STOP OPEN DEFAECATION? †¢ To prevent the spread of excreta-related diseases such as typhoid, cholera, diarrhoea and dysentery. †¢ WHY MUST I USE THE LATRINE ALWAYS? †¢ To prevent the spread of excreta related diseases †¢ WHY IS 2008 DECLARED THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR FOR   SANITATION? †¢ Sanitation has been neglected for a long time. This has contributed to high levels of sickness and death especially among infants and children. More investment is required in hygiene and sanitation. †¢ CAN POOR PEOPLE AFFORD TO BUILD SAFE LATRINES? †¢ Yes, poor people can build latrines using locally available materials WHAT ARE THE SAFE SOURCES OF WATER? †¢ Protected springs and boreholes, treated pipe borne water and protected hand dug wells †¢ WHY SHOULD I DRINK WATER FROM SAFE SOURCES ONLY? †¢ To prevent diseases like guinea worm, cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid and to remain healthy. †¢ WHY MUST WE LIVE IN A CLEAN AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT? †¢ To prevent hygiene and sanitation related diseases and enjoy good health. ÂÆ' HOW CAN WE ENSURE A CLEAN AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT? †¢ Undertake individual and collective actions by sweeping, cleaning, clearing drainages, proper disposal of human and animal wastes, proper use of toilet and avoiding open space defaecation Personal hygiene Summary Good personal hygiene is one of the most effective ways to protect ourselves, and others, from illness. This means washing your hands, especially, but also your body. Good habits can help control body odour and bad breath. One of the most effective ways we have to protect ourselves and others from illness is good personal hygiene. This means washing your hands, especially, but also your body. It means being careful not to cough or sneeze on others, cleaning things that you touch if you are unwell, putting items such as tissues (that may have germs) into a bin, and using protection (like gloves or condoms) when you might be at risk of catching an infection. Personal hygiene, such as bathing, is very much dependent on the culture in which you live. In some cultures, it is expected that you will wash your body at least every day and use deodorants to stop body smells. Other cultures have different expectations. Body odour Body smells are caused by a number of factors working in combination, including: Chemicals in sweat, including pheromones, which are made by the body and sexually attract (or repel) other people. Wastes excreted through the skin, such as metabolised alcohol. The actions of bacteria that live on the skin and feed on dead skin cells and sweat. Unwashed clothes, such as underwear and socks. Hand washing Most infections, especially colds and gastroenteritis, are caught when we put our unwashed hands, which have germs on them, to our mouth. Some infections are caught when other people’s dirty hands touch the food we eat. Hands and wrists should be washed with clean soap and water, using a brush if your fingernails are dirty. Dry your hands with something clean, such as paper towels or hot air dryers. You should always wash your hands: After using the toilet Before making or eating food After handling dogs or other animals If you have been around someone who is coughing or has a cold. Personal hygiene for women The vagina is able to clean itself no special care is needed, other than washing the external genitals. Do not put anything like douches into the vagina, as the delicate skin can be damaged. Here are some personal hygiene suggestions for women: Menstruation – wash your body, including your genital area, in the same way as you always do. Change tampons and sanitary napkins regularly, at least four to five times a day. Always wash your hands before and after handling a tampon or pad. Cystitis – is an infection of the bladder. This is a common condition for sexually active young women. Urinating after sexual intercourse can help to flush out any bacteria that may be in the urethra and bladder. Thrush – some soaps and detergents can irritate the skin of the vagina, and make thrush infections more likely. Some people find that they often get thrush when they use antibiotics. Use mild soap and unperfumed toilet paper. Avoid tight, synthetic underwear. Try cotton underw ear, and change regularly. There is medical treatment for thrush, so talk to your doctor or pharmacist. Personal hygiene for men A build-up of secretions called smegma can form under the foreskin of uncircumcised men. If you are uncircumcised, gently pull back the foreskin when you have a shower and clean with water. You can use soap if you like, but make sure you rinse it off well. Bad breath Good dental hygiene includes regular brushing and flossing. Bad breath can be caused by diseases of the teeth, gums and mouth, such as infections. Most people have bad breath first thing in the morning because saliva is not made while you’re asleep. Some foods that can cause bad breath include garlic and onion. Mouth washes, mouth sprays and flavoured chewing gum can make your breath smell better for a while, but if you have a health problem in your mouth, you need to see your dentist. Travelling hygiene When travelling overseas, take special care if you’re not sure whether the water is safe. Suggestions include: Drink only bottled water. Don’t use tap water to clean your teeth. When you wash your hands, make sure they are totally dry before you touch any food. Don’t wash fruit or vegetables in unsafe water. If you have no other water source, make sure the water is boiled before you drink it by holding it at a rolling boil for one minute. Make sure any dishes, cups or other utensils are totally dry after they are washed. Where to get help Your doctor Dentist. Things to remember Good personal hygiene is one of the most effective ways to protect ourselves and others from many illnesses, such as gastroenteritis. Wash your hands regularly, especially before preparing or eating food and after going to the toilet. QUIZ BEE! 1. refers to the maintenance of healthy and hygienic conditions, free from disease-causing organisms? Answer: SANITATION 2. it is very important to ensure the __________ of the guest because it is our duty to serve them and make them satisfied of our work? Answer: HEALTH 3. it means free from disease-causing organism and other harmful contaminants which are often not visible to the eyes? Ans: SANITARY 4. it should be properly covered, so that the bacteria wont lay on it to prevent a deseases to a certain costumer? Ans: GLASSES AND WATERJUG 5. it is the most effective ways to protect ourselves and others from illness? Ans: GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE OR PERSONAL HYGIENE 6. what do you call to the organization that focuses on health of every individual? Ans: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 7. Area should be protected from _________________, regularly fumigated to  eliminate pests? Ans: PEST INFESTATION 8. Housekeepers are advised to protect themselves from contamination by wearing and using the _____________? Ans: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Or PPE.

An Essay on Rising Sun and Song by John Donne †Literature

An Essay on Rising Sun and Song by John Donne – Literature Free Online Research Papers An Essay on Rising Sun and Song by John Donne Literature Recently in our English classes we have been looking at two poems by the London born poet John Donne. The son of a wealthy iron monger, john was born in 1572 but died at a fairly young age after contracting the lung disease tuberculosis. He was an incredibly famous poet, especially in the English literature circle as he mostly did love poems or religious poems towards the end of his career. In my coursework I will be looking at two of his better known poems, â€Å"Rising Sun† and â€Å"Song†. These are both love poems written by john just when he starts a relationship and just when he has ended one in unpleasant circumstances. I feel that john must have been pretty fed-up with relationships as in 1601 he became a priest. This is about the time he started writing religious poems more regularly than love poems but john was also very good at writing religious poems as well. John sadly died in 1631 on the 31st of March. The first poem I will be looking at is â€Å"Rising Sun†. The poem is an â€Å"aubade†, this is a poem which was written to praise the dawn of day, and these poems were very popular in the 17th century. John wrote this poem in dedication of the love that he felt for his girlfriend in 1601. It could be connected to how the sun rises as he wakes up after the first night with his girlfriend. But as he does so he gets quite angry at the fact the sun has woken him up then he starts off by telling the sun to go right around the world and wake up everybody else and then maybe it can come back into his bedroom. By the end of this poem the reader gets the impression that john feels his love for this woman is more important than the sun. The poem is opened up very suddenly and confidently, this confidence is taken on all throughout the poem as john feels he needs to belittle or put down the big and important things, just to compare how big and important his love is for his girlfriend/ at one point in the poem john calls the sun a â€Å"busy old fool† as he points out that every morning the sun wakes people up even if they don’t want to. Throughout the poem there is a constant question being asked, this is why do lovers have to follow the same rules as everybody else? and also why do lovers have to be subjected to seasons? As he points out that their love serves no seasons or time alike. Throughout the poem you get the impression that john is angry or bitter that the sun of all things had to wake him up. This is john very cleverly separates himself and his lover from the majority of England, he does this by stating all of the people in England from apprentices to school boys, then he tells the sun to wak e them up as their lives are not as important as his and his partners. In the last paragraph I picked up on the fact that john told the sun to go and wake up the entire population of England, this is the effect of exaggeration on a very large scale. John likes to exaggerate in his poems to try and get his point across a bit better, he does this in â€Å"Rising Sun† and also â€Å"Song†. This technique is called hyperbole. While John was writing this poem he decided to base it on how the solar system works (based on what the majority of people thought at the time). This is that the earth is the centre of the universe and all starts and planets orbit it. Even though John was well educated and probably knew this information to be incorrect it worlds well with the poem as all throughout we get the impression that John feels that the earth is centre of the universe and his bedroom is at the centre of the Earth. This poem is really far-fetched and at times childish, but the reader isn’t meant to take this to heart as john has wrote this i n celebration of his love and not as a hard hitting piece of English literature. In the previous paragraph I picked up on the fact that John exaggerates in his poems and also to put down or belittle things. A perfect example of this comes at the end of the first stanza when john says that love or even why should love have to serve time like everything else or even go through seasons as love is far too special to be subject to the rule. John is trying to say that lovers are in a timeless place and that time is not important as he refers to it as a big piece of cloth which has been ripped up into piece to make hours minutes and seconds. In the second stanza John incorporated a wider view other than just England. Straight away John targets the sun to pick on, just to prove how great his love is. He does this by saying however powerful the sun is or however important he can just eclipse it by closing his eyes, but he doesn’t want too as he wouldn’t be able to look at his girlfriend. In the second part of the stanza this is when he includes the rest of the world into his poem which in the 17th century most people thought only went as far as east and West Indies. He then tells the sun to get the countries most valuable products, but even then the sun wouldn’t have anything as special as what john has got. At very start of the third stanza john targets the most influential people and probably the most powerful ones in England in the 17th century. He starts the third with the line â€Å"shes all states, and all princes, I†. This means that his partner is more important than the political powers (states) and also the royal ones (princes). To follow this up john then writes a short sentence for effect, â€Å"nothing else is†. This is a very bold statement as he is saying no question my love is better than the most powerful things in England. This sentence along with the opening line gives the third stanza a very confident and brash opening, just like the third stanza john starts with a very hard hitting line which gets the readers attention, but also gives them something to think about. I feel that john has done a good job with this poem as the first stanza was a very hard piece of writing to follow-up but he has managed to keep the reader interested. John uses the ideas of pretence and empherall in the last stanza. John then says â€Å"honours mimic and all wealth alchemy†, John means that all the honours that one man can get and all the money he can accumulate are worthless if he has not experienced love. In â€Å"Rising Sun† the sun wakes John up in the morning as he is trying to sleep, he then tells it to leave his bedroom and go to wake other people up in England. After his rant it works out that John has told the sun to wake up the entire population of England. John then says don’t just wake up the people of England, make it the entire world. After the sun has done a full circle, John invites it back into his bedroom. By doing this he suggest that he has the power to tell the sun to go away and he has this power as he is in love. Throughout the poem it is basically just one big comparison, as the sun is going round the world and visiting place with vast riches and worldly goods. John is saying that those things are nice but not as good as the feeling of love. When john ends this poem by saying â€Å"this bed thy centre is, these walls thy sphere† he is putting his bedroom at the centre of the world. If you think back to the poem it is based upon the geocentric belief of the universe, and upon this basis we get the impression that john feels his bedroom is at the centre of the universe too. As the suns job is to warm the world John says â€Å"to warm the world, that’s done in warming us†, this means that this can be achieved by not warming throughout the world but just warming our bedroom. I am now going to look at the second poem, â€Å"Song†. This is a complete contrast to â€Å"Rising Sun† as john wrote this at the end of his relationship. In the poem John uses exaggeration as; he did in the previous poem, to prove his point. Many poets used exaggeration at this time. In â€Å"Rising Sun† John’s argument is that there is nothing better than love but in â€Å"Song† John asks â€Å"can you find a woman that is both beautiful and faithful†. It is clear from looking at â€Å"Song† that John has lost his naà ¯ve views of love that he possessed in â€Å"Rising Sun†. His confidence in the power of love has been waned and now he appears more cautious and almost bitter. However, it is not John’s intention to appear bitter or angry to the reader and this is apparent in the vocabulary and tempo of the poem. In the first stanza of â€Å"Song† it is just one big list of impossible tasks. John says â€Å"go and catch a falling star† this is impossible as they are far away and far too fast. He also says â€Å"get with child and mandrake root†. A mandrake root that bears an uncanny resemblance to a human being, superstition has it that mandrake roots only grow where semen lands. He then carries on with the list saying â€Å"tell me, where all past years are† and â€Å"who cleft devils foot†. He says â€Å"teach me to hear mermaids singing†, myth has it that when pirates are at large there would be a group of mermaids sitting on a congregation of rocks in the pacific ocean singing beautiful songs which would lure the pirates towards the rocks, causing their ships to run aground. There was also a myth that if you heard mermaids singing you would go insane. This line works well with the idea of the poem as John is implying that beautiful women are only out to do one thing, which is to wreck as many men’s lives as they possible can and leave them with nothing. In the next line I feel John incorporates his own feelings into the poem, he writes â€Å"or keep off envy’s stinging†. This tells me that his partner has been unfaithful to him and he feels envious or jealous. He doesn’t want to feel these emotions but it is impossible not too if your partner has been unfaithful. John ends the firth stanza on a bitter note â€Å"and find – what wind – serves to advance an honest mind†. John is trying to say that in love you don’t get any reward for being faithful. In the second verse john uses time and scale distance just like he did in â€Å"Rising Sun†. In â€Å"Rising Sun† john tells the sun to go all around the world picking up all the riches it can find, so he can compare them to what he had got then. In this stanza of the poem John is addressing a man to ride over 27years to each end of the world and back until he gets old, expressed by john as he says white haired. And he won’t find a woman that is both beautiful and faithful. This again is a brilliant example of exaggeration on a wider scale, both of these techniques have been used in the two poems and they both incorporated using each end of the world as the furthest possible limit. But both use it to prove totally different points, one very happy, one very negative and the other very positive. John ends the poem ‘‘song’’ very well in my opinion. He says ‘‘if you can find a women who is both beautiful and faithful then tell me, because it would be a pilgrimage to get to her’’. I like the fact that john calls his search for this special kind of women a pilgrimage, as you normally associate pilgrimages as a sacred once in a life time journey in which you get all that you have ever wanted. John then put a semi-colon after this line. This is a very clever idea as it will raise the tension and excitement in the reader. He then follows this up by saying you know what don’t even bother because, by the time I’ll have got there she would have been unfaithful already. That line gives me the impression that john is fed up with love and he doesn’t even want to try to find faithful women. One of the main reasons I like the poem ‘‘song’’ is because of the last stanza, normally the poet wh o is writing a love poem after a break up starts off really upset but gets more happy and cheery as the poem goes on. But not in this one, john starts off bitter and angry and carries it on all throughout the poem. For my final paragraph I will be summarising the two poems. It might sound strange but they are both very similar and also are very different. The two poems use the hyperbole technique and also incorporate distance to prove there points. Both poems have been wrote as a declaration of what john is felling at that time, in ‘‘rising sun’’ john is overjoyed that he is in love and there is nothing better but in ‘‘song’’ it is a much more sombre mood as he has ended that relationship. I like both of the poems I like the fact that in ‘‘rising sun’’ john has the cheek to belittle the sun, but I like johns bitterness in ‘‘song’’. Not one of the two poems are amazing but I do have my favourite and it would have to be ‘‘rising sun’’ I like the fact that john has the cheek to belittle the sun arguably the most powerful thing in the world, and I also like the way he but himself above every one in England. Even though ‘‘song’’ is enjoyable I feel it is just a bit too repetitive at times and maybe a bit childish and easy too understand. Out of the two poems my favourite would have to be ‘‘rising sun’’. Research Papers on An Essay on Rising Sun and Song by John Donne - LiteratureMind TravelHip-Hop is ArtHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyWhere Wild and West Meet

A Literary Analysis of 1984 and Fahrenheit 451

He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother† (245). According to critic, Ralph A. Ranald, Winston is an â€Å"antihero† in the â€Å"antiworld† of Oceania, in an â€Å"antiuniverse,† created by the collective mind of the Party. â€Å"In that antiworld, there is no written law, and everything is, or can be, considered a crime at the pleasure of the State† (254). Winston is not heroic in the traditional sense. He rebels in secret, always afraid of the watchful eye of Big Brother; he betrays Julia at the slightest provocation in the Ministry of Love; he comes to love and support his persecutors.He is â€Å"passive and not self-aware. Winston, from the first moment we meet him, never makes a free decision† (Ranald). However, though he is not perfect, Winston does at least attempt to find truth and insist on it in the face of overwhelming opposition. Winston’s final defeat is discouraging. James E. Davis observes that Orwell â€Å"does express a mood of near but not complete despair. The mood is despair only if readers do not heed the warning of what will happen if we continue on some of our present courses. But we do not have to become soulless automatons.It is not foreordained† (248). Our own society does not repress freedom and truth in the same way or to the same degree as the Party in 1984. There is still hope that we will not allow the government or any institution to tell us lies and compromise our freedoms. Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, is about a dystopian society in which firemen burn books, and the ideal citizen sits around and watches television all day, not thinking about anything too deeply and not caring about the consequences of his or her actions. Guy Montag is a fireman.He has lived most of his life believing that firemen are beneficial to society, enforcing a just law that protects everyone. His mind is opened to the reality of his miserable job when he meets a young girl named Clarisse McClellan. When his boss, the firehouse captain, realizes this change in him, Captain Beatty begins to fight back, trying to either return Montag to his previous state of ignorance or destroy him and the knowledge he represents. John Colmer is struck by Bradburys ability to convey horror. Bradbury is successful in creating the horror of mechanized anti-culture. The burning scenes have intense power† 149). Central to this â€Å"anti-culture† is a violent struggle between knowledge and ignorance. Montags job as a fireman is to destroy people’s homes and lives to eliminate knowledge and encourage ignorance, but when he meets Clarisse, knowledge begins to overpower ignorance inside his own mind, and he realizes that what he is doing is horrible. She asks him a simple question about his life: â€Å"Are you happy? † she said. â€Å"Am I what? † he cried. But she was gone—running in the moonlight. Her front door shut gently. â€Å"Happy! Of all the nonsense. † (10)Clarisse plays a critical role in alerting Montag to his blindness. Edward Eller credits this young â€Å"oddball† with creating a crisis in Montag’s life that upends his complacency: Clarisse prods him back into experiencing the outside worlds sensations, especially smells as simple as apricots and strawberries, old leaves and cinnamon, smells which up to now have always been dominated by the odor of kerosene. She ignores his authority by openly questioning whether he can even think and challenges his smug superiority by seeing through his mask of happiness and into his deeper discontent. (152)

Historical Developement of Separation of Powers Essay

Historical Developement of Separation of Powers - Essay Example In 17th century England, it emerged for the first time as a coherent theory of government, explicitly set out, and urged as the 'grand secret of liberty and good government'" (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). In the upheaval of the Civil War, the doctrine emerged as a response to the need for a new constitutional theory when a system of government based upon "a mixture of King, Lords, and Commons" seemed no longer relevant. "Growing out of the more ancient theory, the doctrine became both a rival to it and a means of broadening and developing it into the 18th century theory of the balanced constitution" (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). The revolutionary potentialities of the doctrine were fully realized in America and France, but when its viability as a theory of government was tested "its weaknesses were revealed; this one revolutionary idea could also become a bulwark of conservatism." (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2) The attack on the doctrine came in two waves: First, the middle class "which had most fervently supported it", now saw within its reach control of political power through extension of the franchise, and the need for a theory that was essentially a challenge to the power of aristocracy diminished; however, until the Second Reform Act in England, the doctrine was sought only to be re-examined (Vile; M.J.C.; 1967; chapter 2). ... Changing ideas about the role of government and its structure were "accompanied by a changing emphasis in ideas about the nature of sovereignty". (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). In earlier centuries, the need for a single omnipotent source of power had been stressed by "theorists of absolutism", and rejected by liberal constitutionalists, who swore by division of power and the limitations on power imposed by the constitution or by a higher law. "Rousseau's association of unlimited sovereignty with the people led to reorientation of ideas" (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2) .If franchise could be restricted to those with a stake in the community, the idea of an unlimited, indivisible sovereign power became for the liberal individualist not a threat but a safeguard; "it became in the hands of Bentham and Austin an instrument for reform of government which would increase the freedom of the individual". However, "the desire for a unified system of government, whether to achieve reform or f or positive State action, led to a rediscovery of the role of discretion and prerogative in government." (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2) Realization that the functional concepts of the doctrine of separation of powers were inadequate to explain the operations of government was heightened by emerging awareness of the nature of bureaucracy; "the impact of Prussian bureaucracy in the 19th century, establishment of a non-political civil service in England, dissatisfaction with the spoils system in the United States, development of the Weberian theory bureaucracy, (all) led to a reassessment of the 'executive' function". (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). Thus the demand for establishment of "harmony" between the legislature and the executive